Ahmed_Guree Posted November 9, 2006 Boqortooyada Ethiopia Si aan u fahanno asalka khilaafaadka Soomaliweyn iyo qowmiyadaha Tigre-Amhariga, waxaa haboon in aan taariikhda boqortooyada Ethiopia dib u raadqaadno illaa aan ka gaarno boqortooyadii Aksum oo ahayd boqortooyadii ugu muhiimsanayd ee soo marta taariikhda Ethiopia. Waxaad qormooyinkeenna soo socda ka dhadhansan-doontaa sida dhacdooyinkii soo maray boqortooyadan reer Aksum ay saamaynta (aan tooska ahayn) ugu yeesheen khilaafka Soomaalida iyo Tigree Amhaarada, inkastoo xilligaas aanay jirin wax khilaaf ah oo kusugan buugaagta taariikhda inta aan anigu ka akhriyey. Laakiin waxaan dareemay in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in wax laga ogaado taariikhda boqortooyada Aksum mar hadiiba laga hadlayo khilaafka Soomaalida iyo Ethiopia, si ay ugu yaraan akhristaha ugu noqoto hordhac gaaban oo u sahali kara in uu waxuun ka fahmo qaab-dhismeedka boqortooyada Xabashida. I. Reer Aksum Aksum, waxay ahayd boqortooyadii ugu horaysay ee Ethiopia waxaana loogu magacdaray caasumaddii xilligaas gobolka Tigre ee Aksum. Waxaa laxusaa in boqortooyadani ay soo bilaabatay qarnigii Koowaad ee miilaadiga; qiyaastii qarnigii Afraadna waxaa la rumaysanyahay in ay qaadatay diinta Masiixiga ee Nabi Ciise (Naxariis iyo nabadgelyo korkiisa ha ahaato). Intaanan faah-faahinta boqortooyada Aksum aanan u gelin waxaan jeclaystay in aan isla xusuusanno, si kooban, sidoo kale assalka magacyada Ethiopia iyo Xabasha halka ay iyaguna taariikh ahaan kasoo jeedaan. Ethiopia waa magac assalkiisu uu luuqadda Greek kasoo jeedo, micnihiisuna uu yahay "Dadkii wajiyada gubnaa" (Burned faces) oo reer Greek ugu yeeri jireen dadkii kunoola dhulka Suudaan iyo Ethiopia amaba dadka madoow ee qaaradda Afrika ee dhulkaas kunoolaa. Waxaa larumaysanyahay in magaca Ethiopia uu bilaamay Qarnigii Afraad ( Ethiopia, The unknown land, bogga.19) Xabasha waxay iyana luuqad ahaan kasoojeeddaa dhulka carabta, laakiin guud ahaan magaca uu dhulka Ethiopia xilligaas uu caanka ku ahaa waxa uu ahaa Aksum oo loogu magacdaray boqortooyada reer Aksum. Waxaa la rumaysanyahay in boqorkii ugu horeeyey ee reer Aksum ee qaata diinta Masiixiga uu ahaa boqor Ezan sanadkii 340 miilaadiga; laakiin waxaad ku arkaysaa buugaagta kale ee taariikhda Ethiopia wax ka qoray in labadii boqor ee mataanaha ahaa ee reer Aksum, boqor Atsbeha iyo Abraha ay iyagu ahaayeen boqorradii ugu horreeyey ee reer Aksum ah oo qaata diinta masiixiga. Boqor Abraha, oo ay taariikdiisa si fiican uga hadleen buugaagta taariikhda ee Islaamka, Quraankuna uu kaga hadlay dhacdadii Maroodiga, wuxuu ahaa boqorkii reer Aksum ee weeraray Kacbada waxyar kahor dhalashadii nabi Muxamed (naxariis iyo nabdgelyo korkiisa ha ahato) Labadaan boqor, Atsbeha iyo Abraha qiyaastii laba qarni ayay ka danbeeyeen boqor Esankii aynu soo sheegnay in uu ahaa buqorkii ugu horeeyey ee reer Aksum ah ee qaata diinta Masiixiga. Sida taariikhda kusugan, Boqor Atsbeha, oo loo yaqaanay boqor Kaleb, wuxuu ku duulay oo qabsaday qaybo kamid ah dhullka Yaman; gaar ahaan dhulkii ay maamulaysay boqortooyadii Yuhuudda ee ka dhisnayd Ximyar qarnigii Lixaad ee uu boqorka ka ahaa Boqor Yusuf Asar Yathar. Sabata keentay qabsashada boqor Atsbehe uu qabsaday boqortooyada Ximyar waxaa lagu tilmaamaa in ay timid kagadaal markii Boqortooyada Ximyar ay dad masiixiyiin ah ku laysay dhulkii ay maamulaysay. Boqorrada Reer Aksum dabcan masiixiyiin bay ahaayeen, taas ayaana sabab looga dhigi karaa duulaanka reer Aksaum ee koonfurta carabta inkastoo ay jiri karaan sababo kale. Qarnigii 6aad, oo ay awoodda dhaqaale, siyaasad iyo ciidan ee Boqortooyada reer Aksum isa soo tartay, waxaa markan lasoo guboonaaday dhibaato weyn oo xitaa gilgishey dhulkii ay assal ahaan kasoo jeeday ee waqooyiga Ethiopia ee Aksum. Imbaratooriyaddii Furus ama Persia oo xilliyadaas ahayd mid kamid ah labadii quwadood ee jirey waxay markan go'aansatay in reer Aksum koonfurta Carabta laga saaro. Persianku waxay sanadkii 570 kusoo weerareen Boqortooyadii Aksum ee ka dhisnayd yaman 8 doonyood iyo 800 oo ciidan ah ( History of Ethiopia, Marcus, bogga.10). Xilligaas ay sii yaraanaysay awoodda boqortooyada reer Aksum oo ku xirnayd Imratooriyaddii Ruum (Rome Empire) oo iyana ahayd quwadda kale ee loolanku ka dhexeeyey reer Furus ama Persia, waxaa garab socday in Islaamku ku fidayey dhulka Shaam. Sanadkii 636 miilaadiga, Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Qudus illaa Dimishiq. Afar sano kadibna Masar waxay hoostagtay khilaafadii Islaamka ee ka dhisnayd Madiina. Mar haddii Persianku riday boqortooyadii reer Aksum ee Yaman ka jirtay, Islaamkuna kala dhexgalay reer Aksum iyo Ruum taas oo keenatay in uu go'o xidhiidhkii iyo isu socodkii ka dhexeeyey Ruum(Rome Empire) iyo boqortooyadii Aksum ,jihada kaliya ee u furnayd boqortooyada Aksum waxay noqotay in ay u soo fiddo dhinaca koonfureed iyo dhulka Amxaarada. Xilligaas ka hor xidhiidhka ka dhexeeyey Boqortooyadii Aksum iyo Islaamka wuxuu ahaa mid heerar kala duwan soo maray. Boqor Najaasha, boqorkii reer Aksum ee la kowsaday bilowgii Islaamka wuxuu Nabi Maxamed (SCW) uu ku tilmaamay in uu yahay boqor caaddil ah oo aan agtiisa cidna lagu dulmin. Waxaa magan-galyo ka helay dhulka boqor Najaashe ilaa 40 saxaabi oo uu kamid ahaa Jacfar sida ay kutubta Siiradu qoraan oo kasoo cararay dhibkii kajiray Makka ee ay Qurayshtu ku haysay Muslimiinta. Laakiin dhinaca kale markii xilli kaas ka danbeeyey uu xirmay marinkii reer Aksum ay u sii marijireen Imratooriyaddii Ruum, sidaan soo xusnay, waxay bilaabeen in ay samaystaan burcad badeed ay ugu talagaleen in ay ku carqaladeeyaan ganacsigii isaga dhexgooshi jirey Badda Cas oo markan ay maamulkeeda gacanta ku hayaan muslimiintu. Sanadkii 702dii waxay Boqortooyada Aksum weerartay xeebta Jidda, waxaana xusan in ay mar qabsadeen dekedda Jidda oo aad ugu dhow Makka ( History of Ethiopia, A.H.M jones and E. Monroe. bogga.45). Falalkan ay sameeyeen burcad badeedda reer Aksum waxay sabab u noqotay in Muslimiintu ay yimaadaan xeebta, badda Cas, dhinaca Africa ee ay maamulayeen boqortooyada Aksum. Waxay dhacdooyinkan intooda badani ku beegnaayeen xilligii khilaafada Umawiyiinta, gaar ahaan Waliid Ibn-Cabdulmalik Ibn-Marwaan ee bilowgii qarnigii 8aad jirtay. Waxay khilaafada Waliid soo afjartay burcad badeeddii reer Aksum. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ahmed_Guree Posted November 9, 2006 Boqortooyada Amxaarada Inta aynaan ugudagelin sida ay ugu soo wareegtay nidaamka boqortooyada Qoomiyadda Amxaarada, oo muddo 7 qarni ah oo ay soo jirtay (laga soobilaabo qarnigii 13aad, ilaa laga soo gaaro boqor Haile Selassie, 1974) uu soo socday khilaafka Soomaliweyn iyo Ethiopia (Intiisa badan), waxaan gaarnay qormadeenii hore xilli boqortooyada Aksum ay sii liicday kadib markii ay saamayn kuyeesheen jiritaankeeda dhawr waxyaabood oo lafdhabar u noqday bur-burkii kuyimid dhismaheedii xoogga badnaa.Islaamku wuxuu soo gaaray xeebaha Badda Cas dhinaca Africa, waxaana yaraaday miisaankii boqortooyada Aksum ay kulahayd xeebaha Badda Cas. Awooddeedii baahsanayd ee gaartay koonfurta carabta, gaar ahaan Yaman oo dhamaatay kadib markii Persia ama Furus ay qabsatay dhulkii ay reer Aksum joogeen. Dhibaato dhaqaale oo si ba'an u soo foodsaartay boqortooyada xarunteedii kadib markuu go'ay xidhiidhkii ay lalahaayeen caalamka, gaar ahaan Ruum (Rome Empire) oo ay u dhoofinjireen foolka maroodiga, hargaha, iyo dadka addoonta laga dhigto. Intaas oo caqabadood markii ay wiiqeen boqortooyadii reer Aksum ee kudhawaad 10ka qarni soo jirtay, waxay markaan u jilbajabtay, xarumaheediina kusoo duulay qarnigii 9aad ciidan ay hogaaminayso haweenay boqorad ahayd oo kasooduushay dhul xarumihii Aksum kaga beegnaa galbeedka sida uu qoray qoraa carbeed oo lagu magacaabijirey Ibin-Hawqal. Boqorkii ugu danbeeyey reer Aksum, boqor Hadani waxaa goobtaas kudilay ciidankii ay hogaaminaysay Boqoraddii duullaanka ku timid. Nidaamkii boqortooyada Ethiopia wuxuu ku wareegay qarnigii 10aad dad lagu magacaabi jirey Zagwa. Hadii aan dhexgalno taariikhda Zagwahan, waxaan ka habaabaynaa yoolkii aan ugu talagalnay in aan gaarno oo ahaa "Assalka Khilaafka Soomaaliweyn iyo Ethiopia." Sidaas awgeed waxaan u tallaabaynaa bilowgii qarnigii 13aad ee aynu hordheceennii ku halqabsanay in uu ahaa bilowga is-hardiga Soomaaliweyn iyo Ethiopianka. i. Boqor Yekunno Amlak Sanadkii 1270kii, waxaa dhulka Ethiopia ka abuurmay boqortooyo ay hogaaminayso Qowmiyadda Amxaarada. Boqor Yekunno Amlak oo ahaa boqorkii ugu horeeyey ee boqortooyadan cusub abaabulay wuxuu ka takhalusay boqortooyadii Zagwaha. Durbaba waxay boqortooyadan cusub aas-aas kadhigatay si ay u kasbato shacbka Ethiopia, intii markaas Kiristanka ahaa, laba arimood oo marwalba taariikhda boqortooyada Ethiopia muhiim u ahaa. Ugu horaynba in nidaamkan cusub uu ku qotomo nidaamkii iyo diintii nabi Sulaymaan (NNK); boqor Yekunna Amlak qudhiisuna uu farac ahaan kasoojeedo durriyaddii nabi Sulaymaan iyo boqoraddii Saba,Balqiis (Boqoraddii Yaman). Durba awoodii boqortooyada Amxaaradu wuxuu ku baahay dhulka Ethiopia, waxayna taageera ballaaran ka heshay dhamman kaniisadihii Ethiopia kajiray xilligaas oo muddo u haraad qabay in ay dib usoo noqoto boqortooyo kudhisan waxyaabihii ay aaminsanaayeen. Inkastoo ay boqortooyadan boqor Amlak ay ku guulaysatay kasbashada dad farabadan oo Ethiopian ah, hadana waxaa hortaagan oo aysan ka gudbi karin, haddii aysan xal u helin, isla caqabaddii boqortooyaddii Aksum soo waajahday oo ahayd "Islaamkii oo ka fadhiya marinkii caalamka ay u marilahayd, Badda Cas. Waxaa iyana caqabad kale ku noqotay sida ay ula xiriiri doonto kaniisaddii ay taariikh ahaan kaniisadaha Ethiopia kuxirnaayeen ee Alexandria oo markan ku hoosjirta Imaarada Muslimiinta ee Masar. Labadaas arimood oo isbiirsaday waxay ku keentay boqor Yekunno Amlak in uu ku fekero in uu cilaaqaad dhow la yeesho dhulkii ay Islaamku maamulayeen sida Masar, Yaman iyo Saldanaddii Muslimiintu ay ku lahaayeen dhulka waqooyiga Ethiopia, laga bilaabo agagaarka gobolka Shawa illaa laga gaaro xeebta badda Cas, ee lagu magacaabi jiray IFAT. Sanadkii 1273kii, boqor Yakunno Amlak wuxuu warqado ukala diray labadii xaakim ee ka ariminayey Masar iyo Yaman; waxuuna ka dhaadhiciyey in boqortooyadiisu ay xiriir fiican laleedahay dadyawga muslimiinta ah ee ay dariska yihiin, isagoo xusay in xitaa ciidankiisa ay ku jiraan ciidan muslimiin ah oo fardoolay ah ( The Ethiopians, Pankhurst. Bogga. 76) Boqortooyadan aan xusnay in ay boqorro kayihiin qowmiyadda Amxaarada waxay xarumaheeda u soowareejisay dhulka Shawa, waxayna garabka ku qabatay Saldanaddii Muslimiinta ee IFAT. Labadaan quwadood ee isdhinac yaal, kasakoow xidhiidhka ganacsi oo kadhexeeyey, waxaa misana kala dhexmaray dagaallo goos-goos ah oo hadba mid looga xoogroonaanayey. Labadooduba, si fiican ayay taariikhda Boqortooyadii Aksum uga dheregsanyihiin. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ahmed_Guree Posted November 9, 2006 ii. Boqor Amada Tseyon ((1314-1344) Waxaad intabadan aad ku arkaysaa buugaagta ay qoraayahanada qoraaladooda kugarab istaaga Ethiopia, waxna ka qora dhacdooyinkii taariikhiga ahaa ee soomaray Geeska Afrika, gaar ahaan Qarnigii 16aad oo caan ku ahaa dagaaladii dhexmaray Muslimiinta oo uu hormood u ahaa Imaam Axmed Ibin Ibrahim (Axmed Gurey) iyo boqortooyadii Ethiopia ee ay garwadeenada ka ahaayeen qowmiyadda Amxaarada, in Imaam Axmed uu ahaa dhiig-yacab dad iyo duunyaba ka idleeyey dhulka sare ee Ethiopia ee labada qowmiyadood ee Amxarada iyo Tigregu ay degenaayeen; iyo in uu ahaa isagu kan bilaabay duulaanka kusalaysan gardarada ee lagu ciribtirayey dad kirishtan ahaa oo kudhexnool badweyn muslimiin ah. Waxay qoraayahanadani ay marwalba iska indha tirayeen xasuuqii, iyo barakicintii qarniyada socday ee uu nidaamkii boqortooyada Ethiopia kuhayey qowmiyadaha kale ee kunool Geeska Africa kahor inta aanuu iman duulaanka Imaam Axmed iyo qabaa'iladii Soomaalida ee ku garb istaagay sida ku cad buugga Tuxfatu-Alzamaan ama Futuux Al-Xabasha ee uu qoray qoraagii goobjoogga u ahaa dhacdooyinkaas ee lagu magacaabi jiray Shihaabudiin Ibin-Cabdulqaadir Al-Jiizaani. Waxay Qoraayahanadani mararka qaar ay kusheegaan boqorka nidaamkiisu uu gaysto xasuuqa iyo bililiqada ugu badan in u ahaa halyey diffaacay jiritaanka mustaqbalka Ethiopia. Boqor Amada Tseyon (1314-1344), oo ay qowmiyadda Amxaaradu rumaysanyihiin in uu guulo ballaran ka gaaray dagaaladii ay kula jireen Immaaradihii Muslimiinta sida IFAT iyo ADAL bilowgii qarnigii 14aad, wuxuu dhinaca kale (Muslimiinta) ugu muuqday dhiigyacab xasuuq iyo boob ku hayey shucuub farabadan oo ku noolaa Geeska Afrika iyo hantidoodaba. Boqor Amada Tseyon waxay xukunka boqortooyadiisu kusalaysnayd dhulballaarsi, illaa ay isaga iyo askartiisu isku khilaafeen ku adkaysashadiisii uu ku adkaystay in uu gaaro dhulkii Soomaalidu ay daganayd, sida Zaylac, kadib markii uu cagta soo mariyey dhul farabadan oo ay kunoolaayeen qowmiyadda Cafarta oo iyagu lafdhabar u ahaa nidaamkii IFAT ee kadhisnaa xeebaha Badda Cas illaa agagaarka dhulka Shawa oo ay maanta xaruntiisa ugu mihiimsan ay tahay Adisababa. Xilliga uu boqorkan, Amada Tseyon, uu duullaanka kujiray, waxaa dhibaatooyinkii uu geystay ay inta badan kuwajahnaayeen dhulkii ay maamulaysay Imaarada IFAT ee aynu horay u soo sheegnay in uu ahaa dhulkii ay beecshiradu uga soo degeysay ugana dhoofaysay boqortooyada Ethiopia kadib heshiisyo ay horay u wada galeen labada maamul. Immaarada muslimiinta ee IFAT waxaa hogaamiye u ahaa Amiir Xaqu-diin oo larumaysanyahay in uu kasoojeedo qowmiyadda Cafarta ee maanta ku kalanool Ethiopia, Djibouti iyo qaybo kamid ah dhulka Eritrea. Boqor Amada Tseyon oo laqabkiisu ama naanaystiisu ay ahayd "Gebra Maskal" oo micnaheedu yahay "Addoonkii Iskutilaabta" , (Slave of the Cross), wuxuu duulaan ballaran uu ku bixiyey Imaaraddii IFAT, waxayna ciidankiisu qabsadeen xarumihii Imaarada, waxayna goobtaas ku dileen Amiir Xaqu-diin. Dhacdadaas kadib, waxaa dib u abaabulay ciidamadii IFAT wiilkii uu dhalay Xaqu-diin oo la oranjiray Darader, laakiin ciidamadiisii waxaa iyana ku dhacay jab lamid ah kii ciidamadii Xaqu-diin uu kala kulmay ciidanka Boqor Tseyon, taas oo isana markiisa, Darader, lagu dilay dagaaladaas. Wixii ka haray Imaaradii IFAT iyo ciidankeedii waxaa dib usoo abaabulay, hogaamiyena u noqday sanadkii 1332kii Amiir Xaqqu-diin walaalkiis oo lagu magacaabijiray Sabru-diin. Boqor Amada Tseyon oo dareemay in uu markan ka awoodroonaaday, kalana firdhiyey Imaaradii IFAT, wuxuu kusoo bixiyey Amiirka cusub ciidan aad u ballaaran kaas oo gebi ahaanba lawareegay Imaaradii IFAT dhulkii ay ka talinaysay oo dhan iyo xarumaheedii. Ciidanka Amada Tseyon waxay halkaas ka geysteen xasuuq ba'an oo uu Boqorkuna si aad ah ugu riyaaqay sida qoraalkan hoose ka muuqda: "Ciidamada Amada Tseyon waxay soo galeen xarumihii Sabru-diin, waxayna boobeen wax alla wixii ay hanti ka heleen sida Dahabka, Qalinka , dharka iyo dhagaxaanta qaaliga ah; waxayna dileen ragbadan, haween badan, dad waayeel ah, iyo caruur.... Boqor Amada Tseyon wuxuu aad ugu farxay warkan, wuxuuna u mahad celiyey ilaahay." REf; ( The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles, by Richard Pankhurst, Bogga: 17, Sadarada 7-12 iyo sadarka 25. Published by Oxford University Press in 1967) Book Note: Their habit of eating raw meat has a patriotic origin. "They say that when Abyssinia was attacked by the Muhammadans, they were compelled to fly to the forests which covered a large part of the country, and in order to render their security complete they were compelled to eat their meat raw lest the enemy should trace them by their fires" (Slaves and Ivory in Abyssinia, Major Henry Darley. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ahmed_Guree Posted November 9, 2006 Qabsashadii 1aad ee Zaylac (1403) iii. Boqor Safya Arad, Wudem Asfare, iyo Dawit I (1344-1411) Inta aynaan hangoolkeena taariikhda ku soo qaban boqorradan sadexda ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in aan gunaanadno taariikhda boqor Amada Tseyon. Boqor Amada Tseyon kolkii uu qabsaday dhulkii ay ka talinaysay saldanaddii Muslimiinta ee IFAT, wuxuu gacanyare u maamula u doortay Amiir Sabru-diin walaalkiis, Jamaalu-diin. Wuxuu u bixiyey "Boqorka Muslimiinta oo dhan." Wixii wakhtigaas ka danbeeyey, wuxuu Boqor Amada Tseyon duulaankiisa u soo wareejiyey Saldanaddii Adal ama Zaylac ee ku baahsanayd inta u dhaxeeysey bariga gobolka Shewa illa xeebta Zaylac. Boqorku, Amada, wuxuu ballan ku qaaday in uusan dagaalka joojinayn illaa uu gebi ahaanba cagta mariyo Adal. Amiir Jamaalu-diin, oo u adkaysan waayey dhibaatada boqor Amada Tseyon uu ku hayey shucuubta Muslimiinta, wuxuu ka codsaday boqorka in uu guud ahaanba ciidankiisa kala baxo dhulkii uu qabsaday, kuna celiyo dhulkii ay ka yimaadeen, isla mar ahaantaasna uu joojiyo duulaanka uu ku hayo Imaarada Zaylac. Amada Tseyon ma siin wax ahmiyad ah talada uu Amiir Jamaalu-diin u soo jeediyey, wuxuuna sii waday colaadii uu ku hayey dhulkii muslimiinta intii markaas gacantiisa ku jirtay iyo Adal oo uu ku hanweynaa in uu mar uun ka takhalusi doono. Waxaan kaga baxaynaa taariikhda boqor Amada Tseyon qoraal kooban oo uu qoray qoraa carbeed oo lagu magacaabi jiray Ibn Fadlallah Al-Cumari, kaas oo sifaynaya habdhaqankii boqorka Ethiopia, Amada Tseyon: "Marka mid kamid ah boqorada Muslimiinta ee hoosjoogay boqor Amada Tseyon uu geeriyoodo, ayna jiraan wiilal uu dhalay boqorka geeriyooday, wuxuu mid walba (wiilashiisu) isku dayi jiray in uu helo boqor Amada Tseyon kalsoonidiisa; maxaa yeelay Boqorka (Amada) ayaa ah kan dooranaya wiilka xukunka qabanaya" (ee dhaxlaya aabihiis) ( The Ethiopians by Pankhurst. bogga: 75 published by Blackwell) Markuu geeriyooday boqor Amada Tseyon, waxaa halgankiisii iyo hammigiisii ku dhisnaa in uu mar'uun hanan doono dhulka imaarada Adal ama Zaylac sii waday wiilkiisii ka dhaxlay taajka boqortooyada, Safya Arad. Boqor Safya Arad (1344-1372), oo naanaystiisu ahayd "Nawaya Kristos" (Vessel of Mary) wuxuu talada boqortooyada hayey muddo 28 sanadood ah. Wuxuu ahaa sida taariikhda ku sugan siyaasi ruug cadaa ah. Wuxuuna inta badan u isticmaalay dhulka Muslimiinta siyaasad ku dhisan "Qaybi oo xukun" taas oo u suurto gelisay in uusan inta badan adeegsan awood ciidan. Safya Arad kolkii uu geeriyooday waxaa kala wareegay kursiga boqortooyada wiilkiisii Wudem Asfare (1372-1382) Waxaa isna sida caadada boqortooyada Amxaaradu ay ku dhisnayd uu la baxay naanays "Newaya Mariam" ( Vessel of Mary) wuxuuna 10kii sano ee uu xukunka hayey dagaal kula jiray imaarada Adal inkastoo uusan ku guulaysan in uu Zaylac qabsado. Markuu isna geeriyooday boqor Wudem Asfare, waxaa isna dhaxalka boqortooyada la wareegay walaalkiis, boqor Dawit I (1382-1411) oo ahaa wiilkii labaad ee boqor Safya Arad. Boqor Dawit I wuxuu ku guulaystay in uu jiiro ciidankii Muslimiinta Adal oo markan uu hormuud u ahaa Amiir Sacdu-diin; wuxuuna dagaal kharaar oo labada ciidan dhexmaray kadib boqor Dawit I ku dilay Amiirkii Zaylac, Sacdu-diin. Sandkii 1403, waxaa boqor Dawit I u suurto gashay qabsashada dekedda Zaylac oo halbowle u ahayd imaaraddii Adal. Waxay ciidanka boqor Dawit I Zaylac ka gaysteen xasuuq iyo bililiqo lamid ah tii awowgiis, boqor Amada Tseyon uu ka geystay xarumihii IFAT 50 sano ka hor. Book Note: Somali Prime Minister, Mohamed Xaaji Ibrahim Cigal voiced a warning to Emperor Haile Selassie in June 1969 " At this moment reports are coming to my office from various regional governors that the Ethiopian authority in ****** and elsewhere in the Somali territory are trying to enforce upon the nomadic community the payment of a (Head) tax (on animals) called gibir"...... "The Somali Government cannot be immune to the situation in the territories and the plight of its policy and will seek the intervention of the Emperor ( Haile Selassie) and his government in Adis-Ababa." Somali News, June 20, 1969 (Ethiopia, Hess P: 231 published by Cornell University Press in 1970) fadlan wali qoraalkan waxaa iskaleh shaqsiga ku hoos qoran ee hadii aad u baahato waxaa fiican in aad ixtiraamto shaqsiga ku bixiyay waqtiga badan , Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ahmed_Guree Posted November 9, 2006 iV Boqor Zara Yakob (1434-1468) Inta aynan dhex gelin taariikhda boqorkan, Zara Yakob, oo ka mid ahaa boqorradii ugu muhiimsanaa ee soo maray taariikhda Ethiopia, waxaa haboon in aan si kooban u xusno inta boqor ee xukunka boqortooyada Ethiopia iska dhaxlay mudadii u dhaxaysay boqor Amada Tseyon (1314-1344) iyo boqor Zara Yakob (1434-1468) oo qormadeena maanta aan si kooban uga hadli doono. Boqradan intooda badan kagama aynaan soo hadlin qormooyinkeenii hore, maxaa yeelay in badan oo iyaga ahi kuma negaan kursiga boqortooyada muddo dheer, mana lahayn miisaan hogaamineed oo lamid ah midka boqorrada aan qormooyinkeena kuxusnay ama aan ku xusidoonno; sidaas darteed waxaan muujinaynaa oo kaliya magaca boqorka iyo taariikhda uu soo hayey xukunka boqortooyada Ethiopia: Amada Tseyon...... ..... (1314-1344) Safya Arad........ ......... ..(1344-1372) Wudem Asfare...... ........ (1372-1382) Dawit I........... ......... .... (1382-1411) Tewodros I........... ........ (1413-1414) Yesak....... ......... ......... . (1414-1429) Endreyas.... ......... ......... (1429-1430) Takla Maryam...... ......... . (1430-1433) Sarwa Iyasus...... ......... . ( 1433) Amada Iyasus...... ......... (1433-1434) Zara Yakob....... ......... .. (1434-1468) Boqor Zara Yakob (1434-1468) oo ah wiilkii ugu yaraa ee boqor Dawit I-kii aynu soo sheegnay in uu ahaa boqorkii reer Ethiopia ee sanadkii 1403 qabsaday Zaylac, waxaa lagu tilmaamaa in uu ahaa boqor kali-taliye ahaa. Wuxuu xilka boqortooyada hayey muddo 34 sano ah. Waxyaabaha sida aadka ah loogu xasuusto boqorkan waxaa ugu muhiimsan dilkii uu dilay haweenaydiisii, Seyon Mogasa, oo uu ku eedeeyey in ay maleegaysay shirqool ka dhan ah boqorka Ethiopia, boqor Zara Yakob. Boqor Zara Yakob wuxuu yaraantiisii qaybo kamid ah tacliinta diinta Kirishtanka ku soo qaatay Aksum, kadibna wuxuu ku xarooday xarun si gaar ah loogu barto ku takhasuska diinta kirishtanka oo ku taalay Shire, laguna magacaabi jiray Debra Abbay. Sida caadada boqorrada reer Ethiopia ay ahayd, boqor Zara Yakob wuxuu isna markiisa la baxay naanaysta " Kwestantinos" ama Constantine oo uu malaha uu ku ixtiraamayey boqorkii Ruum, Constantine Emperor, 285-337 Boqor Zara Yakob wuxuu door muhiim ah ka qaatay, mudadii uu xukunka hayey, xoojinta ku dhaqanka diinta Kirishtanka . Wuxuu xukunka boqortooyada Ethiopia u fidiyey Koonfurta iyo bariga. Wuxuu amar ku bixiyey in qofkasta oo Ethiopian ahi uu madaxa ku xirto calaamad muujinaysa in uu yahay qof haysta diinta Kirishtanka, isilamar-ahaantaasn a u dhaar la galo (bayco) boqortooyada. Boqor Zara Yakob wuxuu caasimadda boqortooyada Ethiopia u wareejiyey waqooyiga Shawa, wuxuuna xarun kadhigtay Debra Birhan oo ahaa qasri aad u qurux badan. Wakhtigaas Muslimiinta reer Adal ama Zaylac waxay gacanta ku hayeen ganacsigii u dhexeeyey Zaylac oo ahayd dekked muhiim ah iyo dhulkii kale ee Muslimiinta sida, Ifat, Fatigar, Dawaro iyo Bale. Sidaan horay u soo xusnay boqor kasta oo reer Ethiopia ah wuxuu awwoodda saaraa marwalba sidii uu marin-badeed u heli lahaa; sidaas darteed boqor Zara Yaqub wuxuu culayska saaray xeebaha Eritrea oo kamid ahaa dhulkii Muslimiinta, islamarkaasna aad ugu dhawaa gobolka Tigray. Sanadihii 1448-1449kii wuxuu abaabulay ciidan, wuxuuna isugu geeyey dhulka Eritrea, kadibna wuxuu ku weeraray Musawac iyo Jasiiradihii Dahlak. Dhanka kale, Zara Yakub, wuxuu duulaan ku qaaday Amiir Axmed Badley Sa'du-diin oo wakhtiyadaas u talinayey Saldanaddii Zaylac ama Adal oo ahayd imaarada muslimiinta ee xilliyadaas ugu awwoodda roonayd. Warka dagaaladan uu Boqor Zara Yaqub kawaday dhulka Muslimiinta wuxuu gaaray qaaradda Yurub, wuxuuna aad u farxad geliyey maamuladii iyo boqortooyadii ka dhisnayd dhulka Yurub oo ku fakaray in ciidanka Ethiopia uu yahay ciidanka jabin kara Muslimiintii Masar, Sham, iyo Jaziiradda Carabta oo dhan. Sidoo kale boqor Zara Yakub iyo maamulkii ka dhisnaa Masar waxaa dhexmaray khilaaf aad u xooggan, kaas oo keenay in boqor Zara Yakub uu ku hanjabo in uu leexsan doono biyaha wabiga Nile. Sida dadka ku xeel dheer taariikhda Ethiopia ay xusaan, Boqorka Ethiopia, Zara Yakob, wuxuu aad uga carooday warar sheegayey in kaniisad kutaal Masar ay maamulka muslimiintu burburiyeen. Book Note: Imiir Nur was Imam Ahmedi's nephew: "Imam Ahmed Grang's (Gurey) widow returned to Harar to rally his lieutenants to continue attacking Ethiopians. She agreed to marry Grangs's (Imam Ahmed) nephew, Nur Ibn Mujahid, on condition that he would avenge Grang's (Imam Ahmed) defeat." (Layers of Time, by Paul B. Henze. P: 89 published by St. Martin's Press, New York in 2000) fadlan waxaa iskaleh qoraalkan shaqsiga ku hoos qoran ee adiga oo xushmayn haya shaqsiga ku bixiyay waqtiga iyo xooga ku xushmee mujahid sheikh ibraahim Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ahmed_Guree Posted November 9, 2006 V. Boqor Ba'eda Maryam iyo Boqorad Elena Inta aynaan isha marin taariikhda boqor Ba'eda iyo boqoradda Elena, waxaa xusuusin mudan in taariikhda Immaam Axmed iyo dagaaladii baaxadda laha ee uu la galay boqortooyada Ethiopia (gaar ahaan Boqor Lebna Dengal, wiilkiisii Gelowdewos, iyo boqortooyadii Portugueseka ee gurmadka u fidisay) ay ina soo hayso oo aan taxanahan qaybo badan oo kamid ah si faahfaahsan uga hadli doonno; sidaas darteed, waxaan jeclaystay in aynaan ku degdegin bilowga taariikhda Imaam Axmed illaa aan halkeeda ugu tagayno. Boqor Ba'eda Maryam (1468-1478) Waxaan horay uga soo warbixinay, qormadeenii tan ka horaysay, ciqaabtii boqor Zara Yakob uu ku qaaday xaaskiisii, Seyon Mogasa, kadib kolkuu ku eedeeyey in ay mu'aamarad ka dhan ah boqor Zara Yakob, oo ay ku doonaysay in ay xukunka kaga wareejiso, ay faraha la gashay. Seyon Mogasa, waxay ahayd boqor Ba'eda Maryam hooyadiis, sidaas darteed, arintan waxay Ba'eda Maryam ku keentay, yaraantiisii, cabsi aad u badan oo uu ka qabay in uu aabihiis, Zara Yakob, marin doono ciqaab lamid ah tan uu hooyadiis mariyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Boqor Zara Yakob wax ciqaab ah ma marin wiilkiisa, wuxuuna u diyaariyey in uu ka dhaxlo taajka boqortooyada Ethiopia. Sidaas ayuuna boqor Ba'eda Maryam kula wareegay maamulka boqortooyadii Amxaarada sanadkii 1468kii kadib kolkii aabihiis u geeriyooday xannuun muddo hayey. Waxyaabaha sida gaarka ah loogu xasuusto boqor Ba'eda Maryam (the hand of Mary) ama gacantii Maryam oo lagu magacaabi jiray Dawit, waxaa kamid ah dhisitaankii kaniisaddii sida weyn caanka u ahayd ee "Atronsa Maryam" sidoo kale wuxuu amar ku bixiyey in lafihii boqorradan dhawrka ah: Yakuna Amlak (1270-1285), Neway Maryam (1372-1382), iyo Tewodros (1413-1414) lagu aaso Kaniisadda Atronsa Maryam. Dadka ree Ethiopia ee xukunka boqor Ba'eda Maryam ku hoos noolaa waxay ku xamanjireen in uu wakhtigiisa inta badan uu ku lumiyo fardafuulka oo uu aad u jeclaa. Boqorku, Ba'eda, wuxuu markii danbe ku dooday in fardafuulkiisan faraha badani uu yahay mid caada ahaan kasoo jeedda Boqortooyada Ethiopia uuna ka dhaxlay boqorraddii hore ee isaga xukunka kaga horeeyey. Boqor Ba'eda Maryam waxaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamaa in uu ku dhiiri geliyey dadka reer Ethiopia in ay waxbeerashada xoogga saaraan, gaar ahaan liinta, sonkorta, canabka iyo geedmiroodyo kale oo farabadan. Boqorad Elena Boqoraddan, Elena, waxay kamid ahayd xaasaskii boqor Zara Yakob. Waxay ahayd inan uu dhalay boqorkii Muslimiinta reer Dawaro ee iyagu markii danbe qaatay diinta Kirishtanka kadib kolkii dhulkooda uu hoostagay boqortooyada Ethiopia. Haweenaydan waxay si kumeelgaar ah taajka boqortooyada Ethiopia ugu haysay boqor Lebna Dengel oo isaga oo 7 sano jir ah aabihiis, boqor Na'od, lagu dilay dagaal dhexmaray boqortyooyada Ethiopia iyo xoogaggii Muslimiinta reer Zaylac ama Adal. Dadka taariikhda boqortooyada Ethiopia wax ka qora waxay ku tilmaamaan boqorad Elena in ay ahayd haweenay caqligu aad ugu maaxay. Waxay durbaba xidhiidh la samaysay Suldaan Maxamed Azir oo muddo ka badan 30 sano (1488-1518) katalinayey saldanaddii Muslimiinta ee Adal. Waxay sidoo kale xidhiidh la samaysay dawladdii Portugueseka iyadoo markaas dareemaysay in boqortooyada Ethiopia ay ku soo fool-leedahay khatar ballaaran oo kaga imaanaysay dhinaca bari, gaar ahaan saldanaddii Zaylac. Boqorad Elena waxay wafti ahaan ugu dirtay dawladdii Portigueska nin Armenian ah oo lagu magacaabi jiray Mateus. Waxaana sanadku markuu ahaa 1514kii uu boqorkii Bortaqiisku, Manuel I uu ku qaabilay Lisbon, oo ahayd xaruntii Bortaqiiska, waftigii boqoradda Ethiopia. Wakhtigaas, waxay Boortagiisku dano muhiim ah ka lahaayeen India, waxayna aad u soo dhaweeyeen aragtida boqorad Elena. Sanadkii 1520kii, oo ku beegnayd xilliyadii uu taajka boqortooyada Ethiopia uu hayey boqor Lebna Dengel, waxaa soo gaaray xeebta Musawac markab siday wafti Portiguesku u soo diray boqortooyada Ethiopia. Waxaana waftiga madax u ahaa Duarte Galvao oo ahaa safiirkii dawladda Portiguesku u soo magacawday Ethiopia, si taageero ballaran loogu fidiyo boqortooyada Erhiopia, loogana taakuleeyo sidii ay uga guulaysanlahayd Saldanaddii Muslimiinta ee Zaylac. Book Note: Tribute to Imam Ahmed Gurey by the Author of Futuh Al-Habasha, Shihab Al-Diin Ibn Ahmed Ibn Abdulkadir Al-Jizani, Arab Fiqiih. "Pay attention to me that I may recite to you at length. All of you gather round me, to receive the testimony ( to make it easy for you) And cast a glance at my book entitled Futuh Al-Habasha effected by the celebrated, glorious, high-minded, renowned fortunate imam, whose equal one has never heard of, nor has there ever been his like..... the triumphant king, the glowing flame, the star of religion, from the stock of the lords of the Mujahidiin.. .. the sultan, the imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim, the mujahid, the mooring cable." (Futih Al-Habasha, by Shihab Al-diin Ibn Ahmed Ibn Abdulkadir Al-jizani, P: 4-5, Published by Tsehai publishers, Hollywood, CA) Mujaahid Sh. Ibraahim Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites