Türkiye’s strategy in Somalia: Model for development & Influence

[Deeq A.]

Türkiye’s decade-long engagement in Somalia has transcended the conventional contours of foreign aid, evolving into a sophisticated strategic partnership that prioritizes self-reliance, inclusivity, and long-term development. This multifaceted approach, born from a humanitarian response to the 2011 famine, has not only been instrumental in Somalia’s reconstruction but has also solidified Türkiye’s position as a pivotal power broker in the Horn of Africa.

From Humanitarian Lifeline to Strategic Power Broker:

The 2011 famine catalyzed Türkiye’s most significant humanitarian operation, serving as a springboard for a deeper, more strategic engagement. Recognizing the imperative for sustainable recovery, Türkiye transitioned from emergency relief to comprehensive state-building initiatives, bolstering Somalia’s institutions and fostering economic resilience. Unlike traditional actors who often rely on intermediaries, Türkiye has adopted a direct engagement model, forging robust partnerships with Somali authorities, local communities, and the private sector. This direct approach, coupled with non-conditional assistance and a strong emphasis on national ownership, has cultivated trust and goodwill.

Key Pillars of Türkiye’s Strategic Engagement:

1. Security Cooperation and Military Engagement:

At the heart of Türkiye’s partnership lies its robust military commitment. The establishment of TURKSOM, its largest overseas military base in Mogadishu, underscores Ankara’s enduring commitment to Somalia’s security. This facility serves as a critical training hub for Somali security forces, reinforcing Türkiye’s role as a key security provider. Recent naval agreements, granting Türkiye authority to train Somalia’s navy and patrol its EEZ, further solidify its strategic maritime presence in the vital Gulf of Aden.

2. Education and Capacity Building:

Türkiye has made substantial investments in Somalia’s human capital through scholarship programs, vocational training, and knowledge transfer initiatives. This strategic investment has cultivated a generation of Somali leaders with strong ties to Türkiye, fostering long-term diplomatic and economic bonds.

3. Economic Partnership and Infrastructure Development:

Türkiye’s engagement extends beyond aid, focusing on fostering economic resilience. Infrastructure development, including roads, airports, and ports, has been a cornerstone of its strategy. Turkish companies have played a pivotal role in modernizing Somalia’s trade and transport networks, notably through the development of Mogadishu’s airport and seaport. The recent hydrocarbon exploration agreements signal deepening economic interdependence and reinforce Türkiye’s strategic footprint in Africa, where trade has surged from $5.4 billion in 2003 to $25.3 billion in 2020.

4. Diplomatic and Mediation Efforts:

Türkiye’s diplomatic engagement extends beyond bilateral relations, encompassing mediation efforts between Somalia and Somaliland and diplomatic interventions to reduce tensions with Ethiopia. High-level visits and multilateral engagements underscore Türkiye’s commitment to Somalia’s sovereignty and regional stability.

5. Cultural and Humanitarian Ties:

Türkiye’s influence is amplified by its cultural and humanitarian initiatives. Cultural exchanges, scholarships, and humanitarian aid have cultivated deep-rooted connections and solidified Türkiye’s image as a reliable partner. This strategic use of soft power has secured long-term goodwill and influence.

Navigating Security Challenges:

Türkiye’s strategic engagement faces persistent security challenges, primarily from Al-Shabaab. The group’s opposition to external influence has led to targeted attacks on Turkish projects and personnel, highlighting the inherent risks. However, Türkiye’s resilience and effective service delivery continue to undermine extremist narratives and bolster Somalia’s stability.

Geopolitical Implications and Regional Influence:

Türkiye’s growing influence in Somalia has profound geopolitical implications, reshaping the regional landscape and challenging traditional actors. By establishing a military and economic foothold, Türkiye is expanding its African outreach and positioning itself as a key maritime power in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean corridor. This aligns with Türkiye’s broader geopolitical ambitions in Africa, where it seeks to balance soft and hard power.

Potential Constraints and the Road Ahead:

While Türkiye’s engagement has been largely successful, potential economic constraints, stemming from currency fluctuations, inflation, and the pandemic, necessitate careful monitoring and adaptive strategies.

Conclusion:

Türkiye’s engagement in Somalia represents a unique and impactful strategic model. By seamlessly integrating humanitarian aid, development, security cooperation, and strategic diplomacy, Türkiye has solidified its role as a key player in Somalia’s reconstruction and amplified its global influence. Despite security and economic challenges, the enduring nature of this partnership suggests a continued positive impact on Somalia’s future and Türkiye’s geopolitical standing.

About the Author

Prof. Abdinasir Ali Osman is a highly respected senior researcher, consultant, and trainer with over 35 years of experience in the humanitarian, development, and institutional capacity-building sectors. His career spans across the private, public, and non-profit sectors, where he has played a critical role in shaping policies, building institutions, and implementing large-scale programs in Somalia and beyond.

As a leading expert in humanitarian, governance, peacebuilding, and development, Prof. Osman has dedicated his life to advancing local capacity, institutional resilience, and sustainable development. His work has influenced policy decisions, empowered young professionals, and strengthened governance frameworks in fragile and conflict-affected environments.

You can reach him through email: ipi2024@hotmail.com