FIRST CHINESE WERE BLACK

[MR ORGILAQE]

Re: First Chinese Were Black

 

Posted By: Mantaka

Date: 22, August 02, at 5:32 p.m.

 

In Response To: Re: First Chinese Were Black (Ayinde)

 

http://homepages.luc.edu/~cwinter/blshang.htm

 

by Clyde Winters

 

In accordance with the oral traditions of China, the

founders of Chinese civilization were Huangdi and Fu

Xi. These legendary rulers like Dai Hao, were all

buried in zhiu (burial mounds). The presence of this

mound culture in China supports the traditions of

burial of elects in mound tombs.

 

The skeletal remains from southern China are

predominately negroid. (Chang 1964, p.370) The people

practiced single burials.

 

In northern China the blacks founded many

civilizations. The three major empires of China were

the Xia Dynasty (c.2205-1766 B.C), Shang/ Yin Dynasty

(c.1700-1050 B.C) and the Zhou Dynasty.The Zhou

dynasty was the first dynasty founded by the Mongoloid

people in China called Hua (Who-aa).

 

The founders of Xia and Shang came from the Fertile

African Crescent by way of Iran. According to Chinese

legends the first man Pan Gu, used a hammer 18,000

years ago to make man.

 

The Chinese legends designate various culture heroes

as the inventors of various aspects of Chinese

civilization. The Chinese term for emperor is Di.

Huang Di (Yellow Emperor), is the Chinese culture hero

credited with introducing boats, carts 'chariots, the

bow and arrow, ceramics, wooded houses and writing.

 

Chinese civilization began along the Yellow river .

Here the soil was fertile and black Chinese farmers

grew millet 4000 years ago, and later soybeans. They

also raised pigs and cattle. By 3500 B.C., the blacks

in China were raising silkworms and making silk.

 

The culture hero Huang Di is a direct link of Africa.

His name was pronounced in old Chinese Yuhai Huandi or

Hu Nak Kunte. He was supposed to have arrived in China

from the west in 2282 B.C., and settled along the

banks of the Loh river in Shanxi. This transliteration

of Huandgi, to Hu Nak Kunte is interesting because

Kunte is a common clan name among the Manding

speakers.

 

The Africans or blacks that founded civilization in

China were often called li min "black headed people"

by the Zhou dynasts. This term has affinity to the

Sumero-Akkadian term sag- gig-ga "black headed

people". These li min are associated with the Chinese

cultural hero Yao.

 

In the Annals of the Bamboo Books, we learn that Yao

devised a calendar to help regulate agrarian work

through proper use of ritual and music and created a

rudimentary government. The Annals of the Bamboo

Books, makes it clear that Yao "he united and

harmonized the myriad states [of his dominion], and

the [li min] black headed people were reformed by his

cordial agreement".

 

We also read that Shun, the successor of Yao,

distinguished by his reputation as an obedient devoted

son, noted to : "Ki [that] the Black headed people are

suffering the distress of hunger". To help relieve the

people Shun gave his throne over to Yu, the founder of

the Shang Dynasty. Yu, in the Annals of the Bamboo

Books, is reported to have noted that "...when a

sovereign gives response to the people, he is kind,

and the Black headed people cherish him in their

heart".

 

We know very little about the sounds of ancient

Chinese because Ancient Chinese was different from Old

Chinese and Middle Chinese and the modern Chinese

dialects. (Ramsey 1987, pp.137-138) This results from

the fact that the Chinese dynasties were founded by

diverse ethnic groups e.g., Xia and Shang li (i.e.,

Black Shang) were founded by Dravidian and Manding

speakers. Shang-Yin was founded by classical

mongoloids, and the Zhou by the contemporary Chinese.

) This explains the difference in pronunciation for

Ancient Chinese spoken by the Xia and Shang peoples

and Old and Middle Chinese or a variant there of,

which was probably spoken by the Zhou people.

 

The Shang characters compare favorably to the ancient

Proto- Saharan script used by the Harappans in the

Indus Valley and the Manding script used in the

ancient Sahara and Crete . Winters (1985c) outlined

the spread of the Proto-Saharan script to Harappa, and

throughout Saharan Africa and Asia by the Dravidians

and Manding.

 

Evidence of Chinese writing first appears around 2000

B.C. as pottery marks. The shell-and-bone characters

represented writing they were not pictures. The Shang

symbols compare favorably with ancient Manding

symbols. Although their are different contemporary

pronunciations for these symbols they have the same

meaning and shape. This suggest a genetic relationship

between these scripts because we know that the present

pronunciation of the Chinese symbols probably has

little relationship to the ancient pronunciation of

Chinese spoken in Xia and Shang times when these

characters were first used. This cognation of scripts

supports the proposed Dravidian and Manding migration

and settlement of ancient China during Xia times.

 

The identification of the first hero of China, Hu Nak

Kunte as a member of the Kunte clan of the Manding

speakers of Africa is supported by the close

relationship between the Manding languages and

Chinese. Even though we do not know the ancient

pronunciation of many Chinese signs many Chinese and

Manding words share analogy and suggest a Manding

substratum for Chinese.

 

Chinese and Manding share many typological features.

These features include reduplication for emphasis and

the use of suffixes to form words.

 

In Chinese the -zi suffix, is joined to many nouns

e.g., 0 qizi # 'wife'; 0 tizi # 'ladder'; and 0 jinzi

# 'gold'. This -zi, suffix corresponds to the Manding

use of si 'that, that one,those' e.g., kye si 'that

man'.

 

The suffix -tou is used to form place words e.g., 0

litou # 'inside' and 0 qiantou # 'front'. In Manding

the word for place was -ta.

 

The Chinese -r suffix is used to form nouns e.g., 0

hua # 'to paint' and 0 huar # 'picture'. This

corresponds to the Manding suffix -ra which transforms

verbs into nouns, e.g., 0 kyi # 'to send' and 0 kyira

# 'messenger'.

 

There is also some analogy between Chinese and Manding

pronouns:

 

Language I You he,she

 

Chinese wo ni ta

 

Manding ne ni, i a

 

These languages also share the interogative pronouns:

 

Chinese English Manding

 

0 ho # who,which,what 0 o #

 

In addition to cognate writing and grammatical

features the Chinese and Manding share many lexical

items. Below we compare Chinese and Manding terms. The

Chinese terms are written in the Pinyin (phonetic

alphabet) which is popular in China today.

 

There are numerous examples of phonetic correspondence

between Chinese and Manding.

 

d=/=t

 

Chinese English Manding

 

di bend down ti 'negation suffix

 

da to cut down,destroy te 'negative particle'

 

dai to alter ta 'to put in'

 

du rot toli

 

da hill, hillock te-mbo

 

di Supreme Ruler tigi

 

d=/=d

 

da great,noble dya, da

 

di child di

 

da big dya,di 'several'

 

b=/=b

 

bu 'negative' bu 'to be in decrease

 

bo to break bo, bu 'to give a blow

 

ban great ba

 

b=/=p

 

bi to press,make impression pe

 

bai white, clean po

 

d=/=b

 

do cut bo, bu

 

h=/=o

 

ho 'everywhere' o 'void'

 

ho who,which,where o

 

f=/=f

 

fa 'kill' fe 'to be void'

 

s=/=s

 

shan 'mountain sande 'the sky region near water'

 

sa loose sa 'to die'

 

su 'to pound' --- su 'to mix'

 

su to suck susu

 

k=/=k

 

kan stem ka, kala

 

ku to cut open,rip up kulo 'to soften'

 

y=/=y

 

yu abundant,excessive yo 'perfect'

 

w=/=w

 

wa hollow wo

 

n=/=m

 

nu women musu

 

mu eye nya

 

ma mother na

 

o=/=o

 

do cut bo

 

bo 'break' ---- bo 'to five a blow'

 

rou flesh soro

 

a=/=a

 

da big dya

 

da great da

 

sa 'to loose' --- sa 'to die'

 

ban great ba

 

ma mother ma

 

o=/=u

 

so to grind su

 

yu 'abundant' --- yo 'perfect'

 

du rot toli

 

do cut bu

 

i=/=i

 

niu cow ni

 

xin 'heart' --- si 'breast'

 

di child di

 

iu give di

 

a=/=e

 

da 'to destroy' te 'negative particle'

 

tien cultivated field de-n

 

u=/=u

 

bu 'negative' bu 'to be decreased'

 

nu woman musu

 

du earth dugu

 

lu house lu

 

Above we have compared forty-six cognate Chinese and

Manding terms. These terms can be divided into three

sets of cognate items, (1) words in both languages

with equivalent meanings with full correspondence, (2)

words with consonants showing assimilation and (3)

words with equivalent meanings but lacking similar

phonetic values. Using this criteria we find that the

cognate rate for corresponding Chinese and Manding

terms are the following percentages 54% of the terms

show full correspondence; 30 % show cognate terms with

alternating consonants e.g., d=/=t, p=/=b , and etc.;

and 15 percent of these terms are unrelated.

 

The analogy between the Manding and Chinese languages

suggest that Manding is a substratum of Chinese. This

also supports the view that some early rulers of China

came from the Kunte clan and were Manding speakers.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allan, S , "Sons of Suns:Myth and Totemism in Early

China", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African

Studies (BSOAS) XLIV,(1981) pages 290-326.

 

Allan, S , "Drought, Human Sacrifice and the Mandate

of Heaven in a Lost Text from the Shang Shu", BSOAS

XLVII, (1984) pages 523-535.

 

An Jinhuai, "In Search of China's Oldest Capital",

China Pictorial, (1986) pages 39-41.

 

An Jinhuai, "The Shang City at Cheng-chou and related

Problems", In Studies of Shang Archaeology, (New

Haven: Yale University Press, 1986) pages 15-48.

 

Chang, K C , "Prehistory and Early Historic Culture

Horizon and Traditions in South China", Current

Anthropology 5, no5

 

Chang, K C , The Archaeology of Ancient China, New

Haven:Yale (1964), pages 359-375.

 

Chang, K C , Shang Civilization, New Haven:Yale

University Press,1980.

 

Chang, K.C. The Archaeology of Ancient China, New

Haven:Yale University Press, 1987.

 

Lacouperie, T de , The Languages of China before the

Chinese, London:David Nutt, 1887.

 

Lacouperie, T de, "Origin from Babylon and Elam of the

Early Chinese Civilization:A summary of the Proofs",

Babylonian and Oriental Record 3, no5 (1889), pages

97-110

 

Ling Shun-Sheng , A Study of the Raft, Outrigger,

Double and Deck Canoes of ancient China, the Pacific

and the Indian Ocean, Taipei:Nankang, 1970.

 

Winters, Clyde Ahmad, "A Note on the Unity of Black

Civilizations in Africa, IndoChina, and China",PISAS

1979, Hong Kong :Asian Research Service,1980b.

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "Are Dravidians of African

Origin", P.Second ISAS,1980,( Hong Kong:Asian Research

Service, 1981b) pages 789- 807.

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "Further Thoughts on Japanese

Dravidian Connection",Dravidian Language Association

News 5, no9 (1981c) pages 1-4.

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "Blacks in Ancient China,Part

1:The Founders of Xia and Shang", Journal of Black

Studies 1,no2 (1983c).

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "Possible Relationship between

the Manding and Japanese", Papers in Japanese

Linguistics 9, (1983d) pages 151-158.

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "Further Notes on Japanese and

Tamil" ,International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics

13, no2 (June 1984c) pages 347-353.

 

Winters, Clyde Ahmad, "The Indus Valley Writing and

related Scripts of the 3rd Millennium BC", India Past

and Present 2, no1 ( 1985b), pages 13-19.

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "The Far Eastern Origin of the

Tamils", Journal of Tamil Studies , no27 (June 1985c),

pages 65-92.

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "Dravidian Settlements in ancient

Polynesia", India Past and Present 3, no2 (1986c)pages

225- 241.

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad Winters ,"The Dravidian Origin of

the Mountain and Water Toponyms in central Asia",

Journal of Central Asia 9, no2 (1986d), pages 144-148.

 

 

Winters,Clyde Ahmad, "Review of Dr. Asko Parpolas'

"The Coming of the Aryans". International Journal of

Dravidian Linguistics 18, no2 (1989) , pages 98-127.

 

Winters, Clyde Ahmad, "The Dravido Harappan

Colonization of Central Asia", Central Asiatic Journal

34, no1-2 (1990), pages 120-144.

 

Messages In This Thread

 

 

First Chinese Were Black

Jeremy -- 14, August 02, at 5:22 p.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Ardy -- 14, August 02, at 9:40 p.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Ayinde -- 15, August 02, at 6:15 a.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Pianke Nubiyang -- 15, August 02, at 8:46 a.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Ardy -- 18, August 02, at 3:56 p.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Ardy -- 18, August 02, at 3:52 p.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Ayinde -- 19, August 02, at 2:37 a.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Ardy -- 20, August 02, at 9:52 p.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Ayinde -- 21, August 02, at 2:51 a.m.

Re: First Chinese Were Black

Mantaka -- 22, August 02, at 5:32 p.m.

[ View Thread ] [ Post Response ] [ Return to Index ]

[ Read Prev Msg ] [ Read Next Msg ]

 

 

RaceandHistory Forum is maintained by Administrator

with RaceandHistory 5.12.

Trinicenter Int. | Africa News Links | 9/11 Home |

Latest News | Sources | Search | Homepage

 

 

 

NOTE: In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107

this material is distributed without profit or payment

to those who have expressed a prior interest in

receiving this information for non-profit research and

educational purposes only. For more information go to:

http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you

wish to use copyrighted material from this site for

purposes of your own that go beyond fair use you must

obtain permission from the copyright owner.

 

 

RaceandHistory.com is a 100% non-profit Website.