^^thx walaalo-and FYI Iam not a med-student rather a prospect public health practitioner(EPIDEMIOLOGY to be precise). InandOUT -I hope you are still not wandering the hallways meddling with them KENYATIâ€s looool…the reference is greatly vital to the credibility of the paper as well as abiding by scholarstic/academic styles-besides the TEXT of the paper is review not the complete paper.. Gaasira -its encouraging and soothing (not to mention rousing) to see young educated Somalis undertaking the leadership responsibility (by investigating on issues such as “risky behaviors†consequential to STDs in our community that could lead to devastating health detriments). I say you are very daring to take upon such role in spite of our rigid culturally embedded-perceptions (Mansha-allah and may your efforts be rewarded). Caaqil - along with VIKING (Iam imagining that he is learned in the medical field than I, or is fanatical about health-related interests..lol..Iam Joking ndugu). Most of the HBV (Hepatitis A, B, C etc virus) can attack any parts of the body but are predominant on lungs or liver. There symptoms are much similar for all categories (signs include: fatigue, jaundice, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, vomiting ….). However, they vary on Transmittion modes:- Type A:-is mostly a food-borne-meaning that its transmitted through mouth transmission from feces(stool)-i.e. eating foods that are not washed properly(that has been in contact with contaminated water sources) or not properly washing hands after changing a diaper, or attending to latrines/toilets. Good personal hygiene and proper personal sanitation is the best primary prevention of this type, however, VACCINE is the long-term prevention. Type B & C-generally the virus attacks the liver and can result in cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, cancer, liver failure or even death. Same signs/symptoms as Type A but transmission is primarily through contaminated blood (hemodialysis or blood transfusion), or other bodily fluids such in the course of sex, IDU (injecting drug-users) and to un-born child from an infected mother. The groups at risk of this disease are also at risk of HIV infection. Condoms use can assist the preventing the transmission but its EFFICACY in preventing the infection is UNKNOWN (Note the difference!). ****mostly the Vaccine is the best prevention possible in alleviating this disease. Moreover like Viking said, the most common one is type A because it’s easily diffusible into our water and food systems. Viking - interesting enough you convey about the issue of TB in Somalis (whether in Europe or other parts of the Diaspora). I reason that the high prevalence rates in Somalis with TB is an outcome of the fact that TB is a LATENT disease (where TB bacteria is alive but inactive in the body) until activated. Hence, the individual does not display any symptoms/signs of illness, cannot spread TB and when given a TB-test comes back negative (unless it’s the TUBERCULIN Skin test-best measure when checking Latent type). Here is a study that I came across about the incidence rates (new cases) of Somalis with TB in DENMARK:-enjoy! http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no7/pdf/01-0482.pdf *one more thing-I heard of the sickle-cell trait in malaria prevention but haven't researched on it yet. Once I do that I wont hesistate to share my implications with you and anyone. Till then folks-as zanzibari swahilis say: Masalkheri/sabalkheri.

^^adi gabay le tuurane markaan ku arko...gabarta hadaad wax uu qabtid usheeg maandhow..hadii kale habartaan(<-- ) aa kuqabileyse, so bod bod he jaale Baashiyow-waa kahele odey ZULFA. Horta kow deh(kow)..ma qaabile islaan ruxaamo qabto (habeen kasto qaruumo lashekeysato :eek: ) oo baahan in mingiska laga tuumo maliin kasto? tan labaad, ma xamili karta islaan 4 nin so fureen oo ilmaheeda adi kula eg? kaaga daran waa reer mudug waaye-o(qaldaamad waaxid)indhehey farta ka geliin-cajiib. Haye, markaas shuruudahas ogalatiid, wa hagaag marka...aroos keena baan ugamgameyna... *note: I hope some folks are not serious about cyber-enchatings--just passing time!

BOOLBARO:- Raula: Qoor dheer Tima dheer misgo waaweeyn ....looooooool..bastolladaha (misgo) le iska jir ..hayaai

SisSADE-salaamz dada. Niko tu hapa kwangu-hamna matatizo, masomo tu(mwaka wa mwishi sasa -insha-allah)-alxamdulilah tuko wazima, na nawatarajiya familia wako na wewe afya bora dada. SisSade-nimempendelea mawaza yako kuhusu topic huu..very thoughtful and balanced, as well as backed by evidence. And I agree with you 110% dadangu-I couldn's sum it better than you. THx.

Ilma baro-thx for the prayers and insha-allah we all hope for the best(allaha s.w. baa wax cafiyaah-amiin). Back to shukansi-quuq:- Bashiyow -odeyahow biiqe(joking) waxaad RUUGTID(ilkihii waba damaadeene, laba xabo miciyo aa kuuso hareene, maxaad cuni )allah(s.w.) kuu sahlo-lol. War hedhe sey wax ka noqote-mexey tahay luqadaan qaldaan(ciyaal suuq-fowqal odey gariiro )aad nalaso gashay-waadba naga xishoosise( giggles !). SHOOBARO: Raula, aniga waxaan kula rabi lahaa, feebaro maxaa yeelay "feebaro iyo adiga waxaa tihiin labo qof oo isku JIN ah, waxaad u baahan tahay, qof kaa qosliya, guriga kuugu dhex eryada, dhabarka intuu ku saarto kula orda".....maxaad ku falaysaa ODAYGAAN BAASHI la yiraahdo,"indhaha habeenkii si fiican wax ugama arko, sadax push-up ka badan ma sameenkaro, caloosha sidii shaarbaha oo kale bay ugu baxday,"......marka raula waanadeeda qaado walaal Waxaan kale oon kaa iloobay, feebaro has some really big feet, and you know wat they say, a guy with really big feet wears really big shoes loooooooooooool..wale ma fiyoobid beryahan...horta wa runtaa..oo waan ubahanahay wax derbiyaada ila kora..laakin, habar gabowde baan ahayo, ee beryihi derbiyaada an korkori jire iyo aan legdimi(legdemi) jire yaa la so dhaafe(ala maxaan xog badnaa mmmm...mmm Ninkeygi sadexaad wuxuu ibixiye- mugdi legdato As in NIGHT WRESTLER...cajiib)..kolka waxaan is iri, wiil yar wax kuguma falaaye eh..odayaasha dhinac oga dhac, oo la barko barkinta..looooooool.. Laakin FEEBARO haduu ISLAAN JAG JAG ah haduu xamili karo...wa hagaag... aduunyoy xaal xuma, eh xaraaradi baa ka gurtey.

Illahayow no naxariso...walaahi wey iga taala maanta ....my fav.cousin aan laso kore(ilma abti baan nahay) ayaa jiran. He can't even move a finger(COMA)-subxanallah! And they said that he might stay this way for 6mons-1yr.(Illahi ha unaxaristo-Amiin Amiin)! Iga raali noqda aqiyaarta-laakin walaahi aad baan umurugeysanahay. Insha-allah wa ino markale!

^^^waraa wareer iyo wideeysi adi le kuu daafe hadaba. Wana ikana hadabo. Beryahano dhan baan mashquulsanao, eh odeygii baashi ahayo baa waxaa kudhacey cudur an lagaraneynin (waa hada warka iso gareen )ana marki aan warkii maqle yaan isu darsame(hade waad ogtihin awalkii hore inaan yara buuqsanaa, waxaan kahor iska dhadhacsiye, inaan mardanbe nimba ubarooranin..." hadaan baxsano iraahdo aniga balaayaba haiga racdo .."-markaanna maq'lena odeygii keliya (Baashi)aan inta yarto shekaada cirroleyda kashekeysan jireneyna inuu mariid iga noqdee, laftigeygana tacbaan(tabcaan)baan noqodee). Maxaa kalo sameeya-ala tol la'ai(istaqfurulah). Xabad sowdo, selid sisin, malab, buun la shidey baan wiggi hada laso dhaafe dhalinyaro ugu dibeey. Sawir (tesera ah-oo berigii an yaraa eh marki an so kac kace bey aheydoo) yaan udhiboo, waxaan is iri waa intaaso MIYYIRKA USO NOQDAA HADU SAWIRKAAS BAL UU YARA EEGO -allaha (s.w.) cafiiyo baashiyow. Toolow maxey tahay xanuunka hayo baashi? Hedhe buug un baan la'ordayaaye-wa ino markale

^^excuse'-but I would like to know what's the deal w/the METHALI (proverb) on you signature? ma la'isku shegaayo, wa la'isku xadaa miyaa iyaah? cajiib wariiri badanaa mesha(spelling mis-hap intended)

I wonder if people's perception has changed on this matter or still stays the same. Still, what do some of you have to say about this?

Gaasira -along w/the sources mentioned by VIKINGS there is also CALF's LIVER(this is considered to be the purest and most excellent source of Zn because it has less toxic accumulation-pesticides, hormones etc-unlike older animals). Some studies show also that Iron deficiency is concurrent with Zn deficiency(one of the signs is dry/rusty hair). On the other hand, due to the syndrome associated with PICA(a habit of eating non-food items like sand (ciidda bacaadka ah-reddish in color and mostly found in the center of hills, charcoal, chalk)[-in africa mostly consumed by youngsters/youth, and a significant number of pregnant women]; it has been shown that individuals with this weird sense of inclination to non-food items CONCURRENTLY suffer from Iron deficiency. (foods that are rich in Iron -meat(but avoid the fatty/oily parts of meat-best way to not accumulate much of the transfatty acids or saturated fat in beef/poultry is to roast and grill the meat-and Vit. A-foods rich in beta carotene [i.e carrots, winter squash,melons, etc]. VIKING -those are minor symptoms of malaria, however complicated forms of plasmodium falciparum can lead to kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma and death. Besides,when malnutrition and PEM(protein-energy malnutrion) is a major problem in those regions, it exercebates the disease to endemic/epidemic proportions. But, I understand your point(myself been a victim of a mild case of malaria when I was back home almost 13yrs ago). *Excuse my long writings; its in my future interest to work in the infectious disease depart. -interesting stuff

beautiful pics indeed. Hopefully, in one of those pics my lost cousins will pop up

I have noticed not much health talk around this forums-therefore thought we ought to have one since many of the somalis ladies-I being one [predominately major in medicine and health related majors-Or is it just a predisposed [inclined] fate (providence) enforced by parents or society that habitually reckons LEGITIMATE careers for a woman as being either a teacher, nurse/doctor, or stay home wife. Then again, it might be just pure interest in the most competitive [or viable] careers existent]. Well here is some of my gumbo {rather the current public health intervention in combating Malaria endemic countries)-enjoy CAVEAT: this is summary research paper compilled by RAULA [in one of my Public health classes](Edited by RAULA on September 9th, 2004). Title: MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION IN COMBATING PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. Abstract Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and involves serious and sometimes grave detriments such as anemia and complications of plasmodium falciparum and their serious complications. Also, malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies such vitamin A, iron, vitamin E, and zinc, that are essential to immune defenses, is highly prevalent in malaria-endemic regions. Recent studies reveal that micronutrient supplementation or dietary fortification with micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron and zinc, has demonstrated to enhance immune modulation. Zinc specifically, has been linked to reduce the risks of malarial parasitemia and acute forms of diarrhea and pneumonia. It has also been illustrated to reduce clinical visits associated with malarial syndromes or conditions in parts where malarial is endemic. However, further work needs to assess the impact of zinc supplementation in combating abnormal growth and stunting in children well as its beneficial effects in the prevention of morbidity and mortality resulting from plasmodium falciparum. [TEXT] In developing countries, Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and accounts for nearly 400 million cases and more than one million child mortalities (World Health Organization (WHO, 1999). It is imperative to put these disease problem approximates in perspective. As indicated by WHO, there are 10.8 million child mortality cases per year, globally. Higher rates of poverty, micronutrient deficiencies and lack of adequate health services contribute to why malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in some regions of the world, in particular the sub-Saharan Africa. The figure established to zinc, vitamin A, and iron shortage is 2 082 000, or 19% of the total. When compared to malaria for example, it causes less than one million child deaths a year and “2.7% of global DALY’s (disability-adjusted life years), compared to roughly 6% by iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies (WHO, 2002; Ezzati et al., 2002). Despite renewed mechanisms in controlling malaria, the victory against malaria remains limited and existing apparatus like drugs and insecticides are loosing their efficacy. Consequently, because of increasing prevalence associated with morbidity and mortality in children, and progressive increase in the resistance of the parasite to antimalarial drugs, new options are desperately needed. “New tools for malaria control would thus be very welcome, and nutritional interventions have been considered to be promising candidates (Shankar 2000). Therefore, what are the some of the nutritional status evidence at being effective in reducing the risk of malaria? The female anopheles mosquito is the vector that carries the malaria’s plasmodium germs. The germs grow in the host for several days then travel to the mouth just before the mosquito stings. The microbes grow and multiply in the liver then penetrate the red blood cells and start proliferation there as well. The red blood cells then rupture; as the parasite disperse and pollute other cells, the toxin disseminate and this is when the individual begins experiencing the symptoms and signs of malaria (symptoms begin 10days to 4 weeks after infection, although a person might feel sick 8 days up to a year later). The symptoms and signs of malaria include: fever, flu-like illness, shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Malaria can also result in jaundice, and anemia due to the depletion of the red blood cells. Plasmodium Falciparum in particular if not treated promptly can lead to kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma and death. Insufficiency of some micronutrients are extremely prevalent in low-and middle-income countries and may influence the risk of illness or death from infectious disease by reducing immune and non-immune functions and by compromising normal physiological developments. While deficiencies in any of the essential micronutrients can result in health problems, there are a few that are particularly important. Micronutrients such as vitamin A and Zinc are essential for the immune functioning, but are most common deficiencies in children of the developing world (Levin et al. 1993, Shankar & Prasad 1998). Zinc deficiencies in humans has been linked to cause “ growth retardation, thymic atrophy, lymphopenia, impaired T and B lymphocyte function, impaired chemotactic activity of neutrophils, and a reduction in thymulin activity, interferon-γ concentrations, and the number of CD4 (helper) lymphocytes†(Shankar & Prasad 1998). And so, if these cellular and humoral functions are distorted, they may increase host susceptibility to Plasmodium Falciparum. Earlier studies have looked at malaria’s association with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). A number of epidemiological studies in the early 1950’s up to 1980’s, provided substantial evidence that PEM was significantly associated in reducing malarial morbidity and mortality, however, recent studies have not proved this yet (Tshikuka et al. 1997; Man et al. 1998; Shankar 2000). Still children less than 5 years of age in malaria-endemic countries are at the highest risk of PEM as well as deficiencies in micronutrient, including zinc. Earlier studies also reveal that iron; Vitamin A and Zinc have been associated to malaria. A meta-analysis that included 13 trials concluded that Iron was not directly associated with malaria morbidity or infection but positively associated with rise in hemoglobin levels by an average of 1.2g/dl and a reduction in anemia by 50% (Shankar 2000). Findings In recent years, there has been an increased importance given to the role of nutrition in malaria, since micronutrient deficiencies has been associated with malarial morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Several randomized studies reveal that individuals with malaria have lower micronutrient plasma concentration when compared with controls (Adelekan et al., 1997; Das et al., 1996; Davis et al., 1993). Although “malnutrition and anorexia during infection can affect micronutrient concentration, a study in Nigeria suggests that acute malaria may be a more significant factor in lowering the plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins than malnutrition†(Adelekan et al., 1997). Clinical trials assessing the impact of several micronutrient supplementation on malarial imply that Vitamin A plays a role in the pathogenesis of malaria through exerting an effect on the immune system, and upon modulation of iron metabolism. Hematological improvements, and increased hemoglobin and serum iron concentrations, resulted from supplementation of Vitamin A in pregnant women and children (Fishman et al., 2000). Some in vitro studies found that Vitamin A does not alter erythropoietin (a hormone in the kidneys that is released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia and regulates the production of erythrocytes) production in humans but perhaps operates by way of other mechanisms such as enhancement of Iron metabolism. Nonetheless, Vitamin A assists in iron absorption; “increased uptake of iron by the liver and spleen, impaired bone marrow uptake of iron and low iron binding capacity and transferring saturation†(Roodenburg et al., 1994; Sijtsma et al., 1993; Mejia and Arroyave, 1983; Bloem et al., 1989). The same mechanisms also might exacerbate the consequences of developing anemia from malaria due to poor nutrition and deficiency in Vitamin A. Some placebo-randomized trials suggest that the association between zinc and parasitemia suggest a possible correlation between zinc status and malarial anemia. Although a trial in Papua New Guinea did not find any correlation in the mean hemoglobin concentrations and the number of anemic children, but in Gambia there was a correlation in the clinical visits for malaria with zinc supplementation. In fact, the number of clinical visits associated with malaria was significantly reduced in the zinc supplemented group in Gambia (Bates, 1979). Another similar study meta-analysis, randomized, placebo controlled trial that included eleven trials was reviewed by Black & associates in 2003. However, only three of the study, in three different counties namely Gambia, Papua New Guinea and Burkina Faso, focused on effect of zinc supplementation on malaria. Gambia, Papua New Guinea and Burkina Faso revealed that Zinc supplementation to children verified a trend toward fewer health care visits for malaria by 32% and 38% and 2%, (Bates, Evans, Dardenne et al. 1993; Shankar, Genton, Baisor et al. 2000). This illustrates that due to the insufficient technological and data collection novelty in detecting the malarial incidences earlier on, hospital visits or clinical syndrome related to malaria parasitemia are considered significant in determining the statistics regarding malaria in some endemic regions. Moreover, given the extremely high rate of malarial parasitemia in some endemic populations, clinical visits regarding malaria are a valid measure of malarial incidence that has been used by WHO to estimate malarial burden of disease. However, there was no significant study based on “malaria†as ascertained from community-based surveillance but hospital visits. Supplementation of zinc has also been associated to with reduction of diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, and malaria. A study implemented by The Zinc against Plasmodium Study Group (Sempá»rtegui et al. 2002; Yeboah-Antwi & Addo-Yabo et al. 2002; Premji et al. 2002; Ssengooba et al. 2002; Hamer et al. 2002; Mwanakasale et al. 2002) using pooled analysis revealed a reduction in the overall incidence of diarrhea in the zinc supplemented group being 18% (95% CI, 7-28%) less than in children who did not receive zinc. The same study also revealed a decrease in the incidence of pneumonia (41%; 95% CI, 17-5%) in the zinc-supplemented children than the control group. Discussion In most of the randomized placebo-controlled trials that has been conducted or reviewed, micronutrient supplementation was found to be essential for routines involving immune functioning. Recent evidence indicates that fortification or supplementation with iron, Vitamin A, and zinc are among the most cost-effective interventions available, even in areas that of low socio-economical status or have rates of HIV infection, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa. The outcomes of the studies insinuate that zinc was found to be adjuvant in treating uncomplicated forms of malaria but not the acute types. In contrast, for zinc supplementation to be effective in combating acute forms of malaria, there needs to be an improvement of the functioning of the immune system. Also, zinc supplementation was associated with one-third decline in hospital visits to in rural parts of Gambia- a valid measure that has been recognized and is implemented by WHO when estimating malarial incidence in endemic countries. Additionally, there is apparent indication that zinc is effective in treating diarrhea and some forms of acute diarrhea. The World Health Organization again has already made recommendations into implementing zinc to treating persistent diarrhea. Future research should evaluate blending of zinc with vitamin A, or iron as opposed to utilization of a various micronutrient supplement. When assessing the efficacy of these micronutrients, studies can be generated separately that reflect on whether the beneficial effects of vitamin A and zinc are additive or synergistic. Also to determine whether the use of zinc helps limit the increase in malaria parasitemia seen during iron supplementation, and to evaluate the impact on anemia and growth in children in malaria-endemic regions. Even so, prospective exploration should consider public health interventions aimed at preventing or correcting micronutrient deficiencies that will also assist or can be expected to reduce both mortality and disability substantially among populations, especially in children. References Adelekan D.A., Adeodu . and Thurnham D.I., Comparative effects of malaria and malnutrition on plasma concentration of antioxidant micronutrients in children. Ann. Trop. Ped. 17 (1997), pp. 223–277. Bates C.J., Evans P.H., Dardenne M., Prentice A., Lunn, P.G. Northrop-Clewes C.A., Hoare S., Cole T.J., Horan S.J., Longman S.C., Stirling D. and Aggett P.J., A trial of zinc supplementation in young rural Gambian children. Br. J. Nutr. 69 (1993), pp. 243–255. Biesel WR. Zinc metabolism in infection. In: GJ Brewer, AS Prasad, eds. Zinc metabolism: current aspects in health and disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 1977:155–76. Bloem M.W., Wedel M., Egger R.J., Speek A.J., Schrijver J., Saowakontha S. and Schreurs W.H.P., Iron metabolism and vitamin A deficiency in children in Northeast Thailand. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50 (1989), pp. 332–338. Brown KH. Effect of infections on plasma zinc concentration and the implications for zinc status assessment in low-income countries Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):425S–9S. Das B.S., Thurnham D.I. and Das D.B., Plasma -tocopherol, retinol, and carotenoids in children with falciparum malaria. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64 (1996), pp. 94–100. Davis T.M.E., Garcia -Webb P., Lin-Chun F.U., Spencer J.L., Beilby J. and Xing-Bo G., Antioxidant vitamins in acute malaria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87 (1993), pp. 596–597. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, VanderHoorn S, Murray CJL, & the Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Selected major risk factors and global regional burden of disease. Lancet 2002; 360: 1347-60. Ferguson EL, Gibson RS, Opare-Obisaw C, Ounpuu S, Thompson LU, Lehrfeld J. The zinc nutriture of preschool children living in two African countries. J Nutr 1993;123:1487–96. Fishman S.M., Christian P. and West K.P., The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anemia. Pub. Health. Nutr. 3 (2000), pp. 125–150. Gibson RS, Heywood A, Yaman C, Sohlstrom A, Thompson LU, Heywood P. Growth in children from the Wosera subdistrict, Papua New Guinea, in relation to energy and protein intakes and zinc status. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:782–9 Humphrey JH, West KP, Sommer A. Vitamin A deficiency and attributable mortality among under 5-year-olds. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1992; 70: 225-32. Krogstad DJ. Malaria as a reemerging disease. Epidemiol Rev 1996;18:77–89 Levin HM, Pollitt E, Galloway R, McGuire J (1993) Micronutrient deficiency disorders. In: Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (eds DT Jamison, WH Mosley, AR Measham & JL Bobadilla). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 421-451. Man WDC, Weber M, Palmer Aet al. (1998) Nutritional status of children admitted to hospital with different diseases and its relationship to outcome in The Gambia, West Africa. Tropical Medicine and International Health 3, 678-686. Mejia L.A. and Arroyave G., Lack of direct association between serum transferring and serum biochemical indicators of vitamin A nutriture. Acta. Vitaminol. Enzymol. 5 (1983), pp. 179–184. Mwangi SM, McOdimba F, Logan-Henfrey L. The effect of Trypanosoma brucei infection on rabbit plasma iron and zinc concentrations. Acta Trop 1995;59:283–91. Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency in women, infants and children. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;15:113–20. Roodenburg A.J.C., West C.E., Yu S. and Beynen A.C., Comparison between time-dependent changes in iron metabolism of rats as induced by marginal deficiency of either vitamin A or iron. Br. J. Nutr. 71 (1994), pp. 687–699. Ruz M, Solomons NW, Mejia LA, Chew F. Alterations of circulating micronutrients with overt and occult infections in anaemic Guatemalan preschool children. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1995;46:257–65. Sazawal S, Black RE, Menom VP, Dhingra P, Caulfield LE, Dhingra U, et al. Zinc supplementation in infants born small for gestational age reduces mortality: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 1280-6. Sazawal S, Black RE, Jalla S, Mazumdar S, Sinha A, Bhan MK. Effect of zinc supplementation on cell-mediated immunity and lymphocyte subsets in preschool children. Indian Pediatr 1997;34:589–97. Sempértegui F, Estrella B, Correa E, Aguirre L, Saa B, Torres M. Effects of short-term zinc supplementation on cellular immunity, respiratory symptoms, and growth of malnourished Ecuadorian children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996;50:42–6. Shankar A (2000) Nutritional modulation of malaria morbidity and mortality. Journal of Infectious Diseases 182 (Suppl. 1), S37-S53. Shankar A. and Prasad A.S., Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68 (1998), pp. 447S–463S. Shankar A.H., Genton B., Semba R.D., Baisor M., Paino J., Tamja S., Adiguma T., Wu L., Rare L., Tielsch J.M., Alpers M.P. and West K.P., Effect of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum in young children in Papua New Guinea: a randomized trial. Lancet 354 (1999), pp. 203–209. Shankar A.H., Genton B., Baisor M., Paino J., Tamja S., Adiguma T., Wu L., Rare L., Bannon D., Tielsch J.M., West K.P. and Alpers M.P., The influence of zinc supplementation on morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum: a randomized trial in preschool children in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62 (2000), pp. 663–669 Sijtsma K.W., van den Berg G.J., Lemmens A.G., West C.E. and Beynen A.C., Iron status in rats fed on diets containing marginal amounts of vitamin A. Br. J. Nutr. 70 (1993), pp. 777–785. Tshikuka JG, Gray-Donald K, Scott M, Olela KN (1997) Relationship of childhood protein-energy malnutrition and parasite infections in an urban African setting. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2, 374-382. The state of the world’s children. New York: UNICEF; 1999. West C.E. and Roodenburg A.J.C., Role of vitamin A in iron metabolism. Voeding 53 (1992), pp. 201–205. White NJ. Antimalarial drug resistance: the pace quickens. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992;30:571–85 World health report 2002-reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. World Health Organization. Severe and complicated malaria. World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990;84(suppl):1–65. Zinc Investigation’s Collaborative Group. Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Pediatrics 1999; 135: 689-97. Zinc Investigators’ Collaborative Group. Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1516–22.

UD- on your way to Mathare??? Wazimu watafutana.... wazimu afadhali unaweza kuondoa kichaa yao-lakini mtu mzima akuwe wazimu hiyo ni matatizo bila breaki( )

^^^totally

^^agree with the title. However, I wish the nomads selfishly complaining recognize that this site is built on the basis of AF-SOMALI(unless the admins or the operator/owner(s) of the site is trying to "sell" himself/herself to the english-speaking interestors-if they fail to recognize that the site is part of promoting the language/culture/traditions/customs of SOMALI-WEYN. Therefore, they(complainers) should try harder to learn the language or bare with af-somali posters. NGONGE- Hmmm, the words SOMALIland seem to spring to mind ..are you still in that boredom mood or this is you- :confused: I wonder what are you intentions in bringing such name into the scene when you know there is enough stir(regarding the somali/puntland/somaliland etc conflicts)on the other threads mind you. lastly-afsomali hadii gooni lo dhigo..then afswaxili/or other languages thread-ah halasameyo as well-kidding.

^^^ hamna mwenye anaweza kupull pranks (vituko) kama hiyo kuliko the talented wakikuyu (rydykulous )- mshensi kapisa (<-spelling intended). Ngige would spend the windfall drinking and entertaining prostitutes aterere-inanikumbusha wakati nilispend some time in PANGANI police station atarudi- -gai wakwega!

^^^ ani le waaye boolbaro baralaati(<-KKKKKK). Feebaro maxaa iga baqee, hadaanba rabaa inaan kusso xero gashto-ma aqbalee laakin lol-kidding. Qacbaro hadii mesha la isrifeynin adi lee lugu rifaa-iskajir hee mandhow.

^^haha...yeah they tricked me too buddy-but hey the college bowls NFL/AFC and all season openers are already underway-so hold tight lots of trash talk and I can't wait for RANDY MOSS to be kicking a**. BADGERS suck! VIVA wolverines!

mar isoo fiiri, muranka ha dhamaado, mawlaca aan kasoo baxo,maryaha aan iska xoorno, mugdi aan galno, mallaay camaleeti aan is rifno minyara ma keenaayi Maalikul Mulki aan ku dhaartay minweyn aan minyara laheen inaad noqoneyso aan kitaab ku maraa, ----waa ku jeeda waana ku firihaa hee:rolleyes: :rolleyes:maxaad iheysaa mugoo, maannto dhaan i madadalinee? macaanow waad ogtahay muxibadaan ku qabee, inaan ka marminna waad ogtahay aa umaleyna . Mandhow macawista diyaarso , muraadkey waad kase , waan ISRRIFI donaaye laakin majnoonimadaan, laba mirreda iyo midaanka kuhayo mandhow inaan kadaweeyo waaye marka hore. wareer badanaa

of all the days, maanta baan jeclahay in aan maqloo lee RAULA tan, RAULA tii, RAULA dhuubow, RAULA dhex yar, RAULA qalanjo Its total madness in this campus(1st day of FALL sememster)-however, seeing the confusion and the weird hairstlyes, not to mention the baked(sunbathed/tanned) muscley faces around is just pure entertainment for this OLD, WEIRY eyes -ahaa i feel like Iam watching the comedy(americanized version) of ROBINHOOD-MEN In tights -argalaan shaah ah baan ubahanahay maanta. Baashiyow-mandhow xaad tiri-busto aa kusarnaa miya? bal bustahas muxuu ka sameysannyahay(ma wax nool baa mise waa maro ). looooool-kidding. Mandhow waxaan uu qabey malmahaso dhan inaad iska busy aheydo eh odeynimadiina kaga dartee-ileen show waxaa kuhaye durey walaanow waxtar loo waaye-pole sana(<-swahili-meaning-sorry). war hedhe anigii baa manta isku yacsanee bal aan idinso noqdo mandhow yaalow. haye iwada shekadaa hee laakin :cool: walaahi aduunkan wareer badanaa

Anoo kenya jooga baan waxaan firsade..ruwayaad ladaho..QUBEY QALAX(does anyone r'member this??). There is one part where the woman/man?? says..waxaan dashe 1987(and she is saying it in somali)...and then another answers..."anaku eeyo madaqano eh sabeeno(sheep) baan daqanaa"...cajiib From SHUMEY:- when Jeyte(allaha unaxaristo) tries to explain to the father of SHUMEY that his daughter is getting married. The exchange of words; the confliction between the gals name in reer wooqoyi(SHUUN) and in reer xamar (SHUMEY) was just hilarious. The TUUR guy..in cilmi iyo caado when shukansi-ing the tall lady was also funny-I like when he actually says...so dhowoow dhubeey anku dadihiye...bal muxuu daadihin..asagii baa liite I can't remember the name of the ruwayad..but when a lady called (character name) ARLIYO(sixirey) is doing her witchcraft and she says.."jinigii cirka, jinigii dhulka..jinigii badaa etc" On hablayow hadman/hadbad gursan dontaan-when FEYNUS sh. daahir..was mid balaaye kadhacdee ..ciyaal suqaad..funny indeed-especially when she is milking money from xaajiga (from saudi arabia)..cajiib.. *truely speaking I have never laughed so hard in my laugh when watching ruwayadooyinka caadi ah(non-somali) than those in somali lingo....a talent indeed-mansha-allah.

#4 totally true I am on my way to MATHARE mental :eek: (wasee wa NAIROBI know this place) to find a committed man-I believe there are no SANE men left anymore

^^waa hagaag hadaba

heard of this story at the beginning of this year! Still it gives me the jitters! subxanallah..illahi sheydaanka iyo shar tiisa hanaga xijaabo-Aamin!

Feebaro aboowe..yakhee! waraaqdaan wey ii qalbi argigixise weligeey qof warqaad jaceyl midaano kale i'qore ma'isomarin abiidkey! ii aqri hadana mandhow ( at this time and age-I have never seen such letter-truely classic) feebaro mandhow bal an ka carbuunto waraaqdaan-bal aan kuso jitee halko-waad ogtahay inaan jaa cireyste