Juxa nice topic, but dont you just hate it when some one comes up with something just when you think you have solved something....hehehe i have to do it and i hope you dont take it the wrong way. Let us assume that there is a number 4 in the equation, educated, god-fearing, hard working, and very ambitious. Just a perfect prince charming, only one problem he does not need/want/like the lady in question, he leads his own life, indeed when the lady in question watches the guy it seems like a woman is SUPERFLOUS to his happiness in life. when she falls sick he called once and went to her house the one time for 12 minutes and 35 seconds , during which the lady in question although she had a migrane, sinusitus, and the world seemed to spinnig around her, managed to take a shower, were her best diraac, have time to mouth off to guys no, 1 , 2, and 3. But there she is at the window waiting for the guys fiat to pull up, he comes in says how are you, touches her with a stick and comments on how hot she is. At the end of her disease all she can remark on is the fact that man no,4 was really there for her, i mean he really cares...sniff...sniff. Man 1,2,3 will as usual reamin emotional tampoons for the lady, when she down and trying to figure out what 4 is doing (you know right now :rolleyes: ) and remain AFC's (AVERAGE FRUSTRATED CHUMPS) to boot. I stopped listening to women about women. . and i find i lead a very fufilling life

Hullo, First of all i do not believe that somali written in latin script has had any effect on our relations or lack of them with the arab world indeed i would think that there are more pressing geopolitical issues viza vi the arabs, than what script we use. Secondly why is the assumption that we had a choice only between latin and arabic. We had before the 1950's the osmaniya form of script that used a totaly new script, and one based on the arab form, but with totally diffrent grammer (those of you who know urdu would understand) developed by a sheikh (the name escapes me)in mogadishu in the 1910's. As to why the latin script was chosen over all the others, well apart from the fact that it made more sense in a world were 80% of languages are transcribed in latin, it would seem that Siad Barre was finally sold on the latin script when Mao Zedong made an off the cuff remark that he would have installed latin script as the script of his revolution, if he had known about all the problems faced by the chinese goverment, inadapting western technology and such like to the chinese script. Hope that helped .

Being in the arab league does not make somalia an arab country. The reasons why somalia joined the arab league were purely political and economic. In the 1970 somalia was faced unfortunately with an african community in the form OAU that was not sympathetic to somalia's need to redraw the colonial boundaries. Also somalia was becoming more heavily indebted to the U.S.S.R economicaly. The switch over of 1977 of our erstwhile allies was the final straw. SO somalia's entry into the AL was political economic and according to some the conitnuation of a centurys old relationship between somalia and the arab peninsula. Also let us not forget at this time of the 70's joining the arab league was a great incentive to somalis because of the arab oil boom.

Hey yasima it is great to see that other people are seeing the inconsitencies of the separatist argument. But to tell you the truth i wish this would make iit clearer for them, but it probably wont. :eek:

malin dhow waxan arkay niin naneystisu ah af siiley. lakiin waxa yabaa wa niin dan oh sheikh ah, nagtiisu sidha ukasheqeyo hadal hayaa. :eek:

Women are incapable of answering these questions, and i would just ask the men on these site, to stop trying to understand women by what they say, because they will always have a reason and twisted logic for what they do to brothers such as 3 mentioned above. It is not wrong or right it is just the way it is. Secondly when you deal with women all you need to know is their intreast level, ergo although the lady in question is talking so very philosophicaly about love and how appropriate the men are, (and arent they such nice guys) she would not maake any sacrifices for them. anyhoo let them see those who are looking.

I wish i could be confident that iraq would prove a lesson to the U.S.A. but i cannot , in destabilising iraq and creating a constitution that will permenantly disadvantage the iraqi political process, i belive in this the will succed. Look at this way either iraq is weak or even in civil war then they will accomplished further destabilising the muslim ummah and the middle east. King_450 i doubt marriage is going on in iraq, what is happening is called RAPE

Oil is definitely a big part of the equation. But i cant help but wonder why they have not installed a puppet regime in somalia yet. but i guess After all they can afford to wait. I also read in a congresional report that somalia has 4 TRILLION CUBIC FEET gas proven and atleast 22 TCF that is speculated, with 4 tcf alone we are jsut behind nigeria in the gas tables. Another african people dying ontop of the wealth of their motherland. So what else is new? :mad:

Bisharoo, i see you feel you have these things down, playing i mean. I was just wondering if you have ever tried them in the real world, because i remeber reading somewhere....a true player will never admit to being one or even claim to have knowledge of being one, there is a good reason for that, it is a lot safer

:cool: you got to be kidding me. I mean i thought it was a secret , NOW WE HAVE TO FIND OUT A BETTER WAY TO TAKE OVER THE WORLD

I am realy suprised at what people have to say about mahathir. He might be a dictator but at least his a benevolent one who understands the realtion between politics and economics and social justice. He has stood up to the west countless of times, the most important being during the 1997 asian econmic crises, he refused to follow western precepts in solving the crises in malaysia and consequently he was vilified, but he's country was the first to come out of the crises in that situation. When it comes to POLITICS it seems people find it hard to understand that it really is POLITICS, were people play dirty and some one has to be the last man standing, when it comes to that ANWAR something or the other who was accused according to some wrongly, he made his grab for power and failed, thats the way life is! Mahathir in that situation did not bomb any part of his country or commit genocide or try to turn the peoples attention to some little staged managed border war with thailand or singapore as so many people have done. A first class country due to first class LEADERSHIP. oh to those who feel GOD is the answer I would like to ask you how that mullah in the northen state is going to rule a country like malaysia that is so culturaly diverse with HIS and i retirate HIS brand of muslim law, will malys, chinese, aboriginals and indians all accept it.? Mahathir mohammed is one leader with a backbone. Period

Muraad i understand what you are saying but again i ask what you want from. a) forum members b) somalis as a whole. hey i know some families try to keep their kids away from qabilyad but it never works, the lady in question should have taken the oppurtunity to educate the kids on the real meaning of clannism, that it benefits the few and it is only there as a system of idetification. out here in qurbo you get kids that really believe in this clannism, i mean more than even those who profit by it,. why is that i dont know but i know one thing, may be the lady has created an AURA around this clan thing that she should have demystified. What do you think.?

Has any one noticed that the USA IS ALREADY A MAJOR PLAYER IN SOMALIAS CIVIL WAR???? BY GIVING THE ETHIOPIANS A FREE HAND TO #### UP EVERY GENUINE ATTEMP AT PEACE IN SOMALIA :mad: :mad:

To the previous poster........ It is not often that i manage to finish reading your posts and i am the first to admit that i am personally at the moment suffering from extreme elation and bewilderment that i could go through one of you facile and specious arguments with out playing with my shoelaces and/or other parts of my vestments. Having said that and quickly gone over my high i have to say that reading your article i see a first rate mind trying to argue a third rate argument, with forth rate manners. Perhaps you find it amusing to call people nincompoops and such like it has done nothing but provide sound and fury for this and other posts of yours, that are not supported by facts. As for your official recognition in november i will albeit calmly tell you it will not be southafrica, if you doubt my opinion I am here in capetown and intern with the foreign affairs comittee in the cape parliament, and if it is ethiopia you are deluded if you expect any thing but assurances from the habashi, they have their own hundred year old plan for somalia, and a tin pot state in the north is not one of them. Indeed for them the international shunning of the somaliland cause is in their best intreast, all i can say is that the authorities in somaliland can prolong this 69 position with ethiopia and till atlantis is located. Having been subjected on numerous times to your over long dissertations on why somaliland should be independent, i have only one question to ask you...why do you consisently fail to answer the question that is posed, indeed if you have such a need for all this phraseological prancing why dont you pm admin for a short story section....scincerely it must be a fetish with you. To the begginer of the topic let me clear up some misconceptions. 1 Egal would have been just as happy throwing whiskey bottles out of the window in mogadishu, indeed he would have done so with much less scandal. 2 riyale has neither stature or true support appart from the fact that he isnt one of the Habroyiins, since the election of one of those would have led to a new bout of fighting (with 80 vote margin you bet) 3 money equals power ergo as long as major bussiness men in somaliland feel that a grey area like somaliland is more profitable than a united somalia we shall always have fellows like mr. oodweyne, culumnists who have nothing better but get inebriated by the exuberance of their own verbosity on these forums. P.s I donot believe violence either verbal or otherwise is the answer people like Mr. Oodweyne will be outlasted and his ideas shall go to the wall smoking last cigarettes as stronger and more fundamental ideas morph and evolve. Need i say it. VIVA LA SOMALIE UNITE

LOL rudy the first part of your response tells people that they can have the brain deadning effects of western propoganda in somalia as well. the second part that you are not flexible enough to go with the flow when you see them doing things like smoking on planes. As for the rock you talk about.....that is n my mind..until it grows a million fold to cover the hole of somalia. Hey scince you are so funny i will put in category 2 you know you deserve it

Hey muraad i wonder were you are leading us because you have not told us much about this family that went back to somalia. Did the kids atleast know how to speak somali, or scince the were born in the uk were they just darker versions of an english kid? Whem you talk about somali culture why does it seem to dovetail with clannism, as miss unique said the family seems to make its living out of clannism. Hey and doesnt every society have its blemishes in our case this sensless qabilism which having been to both countries, i have the feeling they would pick up quicker in the UK than in somalia.?! Oh and muraad what do you suggest as an alternatve to them seeing their motherland....h@ll what does any one on this forum think is an alternative?

Paltalk I would argue with you if i felt you were being scincere in your opinions, Iconoclasts are often very intreastng people to argue with. But your argument is very weak and i have the feeling that you belive that the more replys you get, the more of an impression you are making, and besides i wish you could have changed your quotation a bit because it is straight from an interview i saw on CNN please tell me you can at least parapharase. :confused:

:mad: ....we have all gone through this rigmarole of justice before, first comes the embarrasing revelations, that cannot be verified then comes the ruined career of another black sports man. Only god almighty knows apart from the 2 involved what happened in that room, but forgive me if i take this womans assertions with a healthy dose of sceptisism.

it would be funny if it werent for the people suffering from this mans idiocy :mad:

Was Western civilization founded by ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians? Can the ancient Egyptians usefully be called black? Did the ancient Greeks borrow religion, science, and philosophy from the Egyptians and Phoenicians? Have scholars ignored the Afroasiatic roots of Western civilization as a result of racism and anti-Semitism? In this collection of twenty essays, leading scholars in a broad range of disciplines confront the claims made by Martin Bernal in Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. In that work, Bernal proposed a radical reinterpretati on of the roots of classical civilization, contending that ancient Greek culture derived from Egypt and Phoenicia and that European scholars have been biased against the notion of Egyptian and Phoenician influence on Western civilization. The contributors to this volume argue that Bernal's claims are exaggerated and in many cases unjustified. Topics covered include race and physical anthropology; the question of an Egyptian invasion of Greece; the origins of Greek language, philosophy, and science; and racism and anti-Semitism in classical scholarship. In the conclusion to the volume, the edit ors propose an entirely new scholarly framework for understanding the relationship between the cultures of the ancient Near East and Greece and the origins of Western civilization.

Here is a brief account of the contributions of Afrikan Muslims to the various branches of knowledge. 1. Arithmetic.- In arithmetic, the afrikan muslims systematized the use of numerals, and particularly of zero, which was an immense advance on the old method of depicting numbers by the letters of the alphabet. The zero is found for the first time in the arithmetic of Al-Khwarizmi written in the early parts of the 9th century. The Arabs contributed a great deal to fractions; to the principle of errors which is employed to solve the algebraic problems arithmetically; to the higher theory of numbers with its problems on the primitive, perfect, and associated numbers. They solved the famous problem of finding a square which, on the addition and subtraction of a given number, yields other squares. 2. Algebra.- The ancients considered the number as pure magnitude, and it was only when Al-Khwarizmi conceived of the number as a pure relation in the modern sense that the science of Algebra could take its origin. Algebra is one of the proudest achievements of the Arabs and it was cultivated so much that within two centuries of its creation it had reached gigantic proportions. The very name ‘Algebra’, which is derived from the Arabic name () is a reminder of its origin. The symbolic process which it idealizes is still called ‘Algorithm’ in modern mathematics, an everlasting tribute to its immortal founder. Al-Khwarizmi himself formulated and solved the algebraic equations of the first and second degree, and created his beautiful geometrical method of solving these equations. He also recognized that the quadratic equation has two roots. Then, in the 10th century, Abul Wafa Al-Kuhi created and successfully developed a branch of geometry which consists of problems leading to algebraic equations of higher degree than the second. Ibn-Ul-Lais () found geometrical methods of solving the cubical equations. Al-Khujindi () proved that the so-called Fermats’ problem for cubic powers cannot be solved in terms of the rational numbers. Al-Karkhi ( who lived in the beginning of the 11th century, and who is considered as one of the greatest Arab mathematicians, wrote a book on Arithmetic called Al-Kafi and another on Algebra called Al-Fakhri . In these books he developed approximate methods of finding square roots, theory of indices, theory of surds, Al-Beruni’s theory of summeration of series, sums of squares and cubes of natural numbers, equations of the degree 2n, theory of mathematical induction, and the theory of quadratic indeterminate equations. Then came Omar Khayyam , the most glamorous figure of the 11th century, who has recently become famous and popular as a great poet, but who, according to Moritz Cantor, has better claim to immortality as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He made an uncommonly great advance in the theory of equations by treating systematically the equations of the higher degree, and dividing them in different groups. He found and proved the binomical theorem for positive integral indices. By this time, i.e., the end of the 11th century, the afrikan muslims had founded, developed, and perfected geometrical Algebra, and could solve equations of the third and fourth degrees. As Cantor, who is by no means partial to the afrikan muslims, remarks, “At least in the sciences with which we are at present concerned (i.e. Algebra), the afrikan muslims of the year 1100 were uncommonly superior to the most learned Europeans.” 3. Geometry.-The Arabs began translating the geometry of Euclid and the conic sections of Apollonius, and thus preserved the works of these Greek masters for the modern world. This was satisfactorily accomplished in the 9th century. Soon after this, they began making fresh discoveries in the domain of geometry. Thus the three brothers, Hasan, Ahmad, Muhammad, sons of Musa bin Shakir discovered a method of trisecting the angle by means of the geometry of motion. Abul Wafa made many valuable contributions to the theory of polyhedra, which is even now considered as one of the most difficult subjects. Ibn-ul-Haitham also made many discoveries in geometry. His book on geometrical optics is the first book treating the subject systematically. Here he deals with problems which would be difficult to solve even now. For instance, one of his problems is to find the focus of a spherical lens satisfying certain conditions which, if treated by the modern analytical methods, would lead to an equation of the fourth degree. It is this book which was translated by Roger Bacon, and published in his Opus Majus. The later afrikan muslims developed the geometry of the conic section to a great extent. But the crowning achievement in Geometry was that of Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hasan who is commonly known as Naseeruddin Tusi . He was undoubtedly the greatest savant of the 13th century, and was as well versed in philosophy and mathematics as in medicine and the natural sciences. His mathematical work contained contributions in Arithmetic, Algebra, and Geometry. He separated Trigonometry from Astronomy, and created a new branch of Trigonometry, both plane and spherical based on Mevelans’ Theorem in Geometry. But his greatest contribution to Mathematics is the recognition and explanation of the weakness in Euclid’s theory of the parallels. Since the days of Ptolemy in the 2nd century, no one had given serious thought to the difficulties of demonstrating the truth of Euclid’s parallel postulate on the basis of perceptual space. After a lapse of more than a thousand years, it was Tusi who first attacked this problem, and in his efforts to improve the postulate realized the necessity of abandoning perceptual space. This was the basis on which the non-Euclidean Geometry of the last century was developed, resulting in the hyperspace movement and the theory of relativity of our own time. 4. Trigonometry.- Trigonometry, both plane and spherical, is for the most part a creation of the Arabs. Al-Battani introduced the trigonometric function in the 9th century. He is known in Europe as Albategunes. His book on the motion of the stars was translated by Plato of Tivoli in the 12th century. It is from this translation that the word ‘sine’ spread in all European languages. The Indians used only the full arc for the sine, but Al-Battani remarked that it was more advantageous to use the half-arc. Cantor considers this an advance in mathematics which cannot be appreciated highly enough. After developing trigonometry to a great extent, and preparing accurate trigonometric tables, they could calculate the heights of mountains, distances of inaccessible points, and breadths of rivers. Their knowledge of applied mathematics is evident from all those wonderful examples of Afrikan Arab and Moorish architecture which made the fables of the Afrikan Muslim Nights a reality. It is impossible that such an architecture could have developed only empirically. One has to admit that their creators must have been applied mathematicians of no mean talent. 5. Astronomy.- The afrikan muslims (moors) claimed Astronomy to be their special subject, and indeed they far surpassed all their contemporaries in the knowledge of the heavens. Alberuni quotes in his book a passage from Ibn Khatib saying that the afrikan muslims (moors) had no equals in their knowledge of the stars. Even in the beginning of the Muslim Era, when Greek astronomy was not yet translated into Arabic, a knowledge of the heavens was considered to be one of the requisites of a scholar. But once they had translated Ptolemy’s Almagest, they developed astronomy so quickly that their mark is found at every step. Even to this day their name is associated with a number of stars, constellations, and astronomical instruments. Western historians are unanimous in their avowal that when Islam appeared on the scene only one observatory, namely that in Alexandria, existed in the whole world. Those in India and other places had been destroyed by that time. In the course of a few centuries, the Muslims erected numerous well-equipped observatories all over their empire. But these observatories would have been useless without accurate astronomical instruments. The afrikan muslims (moors) had no doubt inherited a few instruments from the Greeks, but a work of such magnitude could not have been carried out with these rough tools. This necessity urged them to concentrate all their practical faculties on devising skillful and consummate means to carry out their work. Their craftsmanship developed as they went on with the project, and they made a great contribution to the technique of making astronomical instruments. They perfected not only the old transit instruments, but devised many new ones for various purposes. The contribution of the african Muslims (moors) to astronomy can be described briefly as consisting of the following investigations and results. They investigated the liberation of the moon, and proved that it is not constant. They determined fully the movements of the planets. Abul Wafa determined accurately the obliquity of the ecliptic in 995 A.D. and calculated the variation in the moon’s motion. He also discovered the third liberation in the moon’s motion which was rediscovered by Tycho Brahe after 600 years. He perfected Ptolemy’s lunar theory, and corrected many errors in the observations of the old astronomers. The quadrant was invented by Ibne-Yunus (). Albatrash (Encyclopedia of Islam) found many errors in Ptolemy’s hypothesis of the solar system, and in 1150 A.D. put forward a new system for the planetary motions. Ibne Rushd discovered a sunspot. Ibne Aalam () determined the stellar motion by observing that the stars traverse one degree in 70 solar years . He also determined the latitude and longitude of many stars, and measured the greatest declination of the planet Mercury. He discovered the moons (satellites) of Jupiter, discussed the motion of the sun spots, and determined the eccentric orbits of the comets. The obliquity of the ecliptic, the points in which the meridian cuts the equator and the ecliptic, the arc of the terrestrial meridian, and the precession of the equinoxes were determined in the reign of the Abbasid Caliphs []. Abu Kasim Abdullah and Abu Hasan Ali ibni Abu Kasim () produced very correct almanacs from 883 A.D. to 933 A.D. Abu Hasan discovered that the moon’s distance from the sun is not constant, as assumed by Ptolemy. Omar Khayyam, who was court astronomer to Malik Shah Seljuki , reformed the calendar in such a way that, as Cantor says, the solar year proposed by him is more accurate than any calendar proposed either before or after his time. Mohammad bin Jaber Al-Battani, who lived in the 10th century AD, investigated the motion of the apogee, corrected the previous values of the precession of equinoxes and of obliquity of the ecliptic; was the first to apply the sine and tangent in calculating the angles; proposed a method to determine the precession of the equinoxes; determined the moon’s nodes and discovered the wobbling motion of the earth’s orbit. As the greatest astronomical discovery of the afrikan muslims (moors) should be mentioned their discovery that the earth revolves round the sun, and that orbits of the planets are ellipstic. Al-Beruni also testifies to the fact that a great astronomer of his time believed in the earth’s motion: Al-Beruni’s actual words from his book are reproduced here for convincing the reader. We give here a verbatim translation of one of the passages from Qanun Masoodi: Al-Beruni says, “I have seen a great astronomer who believed in the authenticity of this doctrine. He argues that when a thing falls from a height, it does not coincide with the perpendicular line of its descent, but inclines a little, and falls making different angles. He says that when a piece of earth separates from it and falls, it has two kinds of motion. One is the circular motion which it receives from the rotation of the earth, and the other is straight which it acquires in falling directly to the center of the earth. The former implies the change, and the latter the fixity of its position. If it had only the straight motion, it would have fallen to the west of its perpendicular position. But since both of them exist at one and the same time, it falls neither to the west nor in the perpendicular direction, but a little to the east.” This book of Al-Beruni was written in 421 A.H., i.e. about the beginning of the 11th century A.D. Thus the Arabs had discovered the true mechanism of the solar system, i.e. the heliocentric doctrine, about 300 years before Copernicus. The credit for the scientific formulation and a detailed working out of the theory should of course be given to Copernicus, but it must also be recognised that the Arabs had conceived the hypothesis long before his time. 6. Physics.- After developing mathematics and astronomy, the Muslim scholars turned their attention to other natural sciences, of which we shall give a brief account in the following sections. Ibn-al-Haytham (968 - 1039 A.D.) was one of the greatest physicists, whose work on optics, compiled in his book, “Kitab-al-Manazir,” which was translated by Roger Bacon, had a great influence on Kepler and other European scientists. He prepared tables of corresponding angles of incidence and refraction of light passing from one medium to another, and thus paved the way for the discovery of the law of refraction later by Smell. He accounted correctly for twilight as due to atmospheric refraction and deduced the height of the atmosphere above the surface of the earth. He explained the laws of formation of images in spherical and parabolic mirrors, and the causes of spherical aberration and a magnification produced by lenses. He gave a much sounder theory of vision than the Greeks, and was able to solve a number of advanced questions in geometrical optics. (George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Vol. 1, pg. 721). Abu al-Ali-al-Hussain ibn Sina (980 - 1037 A.D.), who is regarded as one of the greatest savants, philosophers, and scientists of all time was a keen experimental worker, and made numerous investigations on specific gravity. He designed a simple device similar to that of the modern vernier for increase in the accuracy of measuring lengths. He tackled such abstract physical subjects as the nature of motion, of force, vacuum, light, and heat, and arrived at sound conclusions, in spite of the fact that very few correct data were available. He recognised, for instance, that the velocity of light was finite, and that it was not possible to transmute the elements by chemical methods. Omar Khayyam, the great mathematician, was another afrikan muslim scientist who worked on the problem of specific gravities. In mechanics, the Muslims improved the hydro-static balance, the Alexandrian hydrometer, and the Syrian water-wheels. The “Mizan-al-Hikmah” (The Balance of Wisdom) by Al-Khazini is a masterly treatise on mechanics as far as it was developed up to the twelfth century. It deals with the theory of balance from an application of the Theorem of Moments and discusses the buoyancy of liquids and of air. It gives the correct explanation of the weight of material bodies as caused by a universal pull towards the center of the earth. It may be noted that this explanation was given about 600 years before the promulgation of Newton’s theory of gravitation. (N. Khanikoff, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. VI, New Haven, 1859). 7. Chemistry.- Before the advent of Islam, the simple properties of metals and the methods of preparation of their simple compounds were known to the civilized people. The afrikan muslims developed the processes of crystallization and precipitation, distillation and sublimation, and were thereby able to obtain a number of substances in a state of comparative purity like mercury, ammonia, alum, soda, borax, niton, arsenic, and antimony. Abu Musa Jabir ibne Hayyan has recorded all this knowledge in some of his books written about 776 A.D. He put forward a sulphur-mercury theory known in his day to explain their different properties, depending, as it was alleged, on the differences in proportion of their two constituents. Nevertheless, he deals with many useful practical applications of chemistry like “refinement of metals, preparation of steel, dyeing of cloth and leather, varnishes to waterproof cloth and protect iron, use of manganese dioxide to color glass, and of iron pyrites for writing in gold and distillation of vinegar to concentrate acetic acid.” (Sarton, quoted by M.A.R. Khan; Muslim Contribution to Science and Culture, pg. 49). 8. Biology.- The interest of the afrikan muslims in the breeding of horses and camels, led them naturally into the study of biology, particularly into the branches concerning the habitat, behavior, and classification of animals. Al-Asma’e (739-783 A.D.) wrote several books on the camel, the horse, the animals, and the man. The last named book reveals a considerable knowledge of the human anatomy. (Sarton; I, pg. 534). His pupil, al-Jahiz, wrote a book on animals called Kitab al-Haywan, in which he refers to the struggle of animals for existence and their adaptation to environment. (Sarton; I, pg. 597). Al-Dasiri (1405 A.D.) was a well known zoologist of Egypt, whose book on animal life, Hayat al-Haywan, has been translated into English in 1906. Use of plants and their products in medicine primarily induced the Muslims to do more scientific work in botany. Ibn-Jami (d. 1193), Al-Dimashqi, Al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Al-Nubati (1165-1239), Al-Ghafiqi (d. 1165), and Ibn-al-Baytar (d. 1248) are some of the Muslim botanists who explored the various regions for plants, and described the characteristics and properties. Ibn-al-Baytar is considered the greatest Muslim botanist and pharmacist, and his book was considered the best of its kind in the Middle Ages, and was translated into Latin. 9.Medicine Al-Razi (850-925 A.D.) is recognized as one of the greatest physicians of all time. His book, Al-Hawi was an encyclopedia of medicine, which contains all that was known about diseases and their treatment. He contributed a great deal to gynecology, obstetrics, and opthalmology. His most outstanding work is on small-pox and measles, which is recognized as remarkably accurate even from the point of view of modern research. It is related that when he went to Baghdad to take up his duties as Chief Physician, he selected a suitable site for a hospital by hanging up raw meat in various localities and chose the spot where it showed least sign of putrefaction. He is reported to have written more than 14 books and monographs. Ibn-Sina (980-1037 A.D.) is even more famous than Al-Razi in the history of medicine. He was called Shaikh-al-Rais (the Supreme Head) by his pupils and followers, and up to the beginning of the modern era, he was the undisputed leader and authority both in the East and the West. His book, Al-Qanun , was the bible of physicians for centuries all over the world. Its Latin translation passed through several editions, and its pharmacopia contained 760 drugs. The afrikan muslim physicians did a great deal of work in opthalmology also. The early afrikan muslim physicians diagnosed more than 130 diseases of the eye, and explained their treatment. Some of their books such as the Nur al-Uyun wal Jami al-Funun (1296) by Ibn Yusuf of Hamah, is said to have been unsurpassed even in the nineteenth century.

History of the Birth Control Movement Although contraceptive techniques had been known in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the modern movement for birth control began in Great Britain, where the writings of Thomas Robert Malthus stirred interest in the problem of overpopulation. By the 1870s a wide variety of birth control devices were available in English and American pharmacies, including rubber condoms and diaphragms, chemical suppositories, vaginal sponges, and medicated tampons. Easy public access to contraceptive devices in the United States aroused the ire of Anthony Comstock and others, who lobbied Congress until it passed (1873) a bill prohibiting the distribution of these devices across state lines or through the mail. Moreover, in England in 1877, Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh were tried for selling The Fruits of Philosophy, a pamphlet on contraceptive methods, written in 1832 by an American, Charles Knowlton. After their famous trial, the Malthusian League was founded. Meanwhile, a variety of contraceptive devices remained available to a large public, usually advertised in veiled but unmistakable language. " Notice the order and no it is not alphabetical, it is based on the time line at which people learned from each other.. Right now to add to this interesting finding we will look at no other than the richest and one of the worldest most power governing body " I love this" we will look at Yes none other than the Church.. Which church the Catholic church.. Lets see what they have to say. " Scripture Is contraception a modern invention? Hardly! Birth control has been around for millennia. Scrolls found in Egypt , dating to 1900 B.C., describe ancient methods of birth control that were later practiced in the Roman empire during the apostolic age. Wool that absorbed sperm, poisons that fumigated the uterus, potions, and other methods were used to prevent conception. In some centuries, even condoms were used (though made out of animal skin rather than latex). " Now the Church don't lie you know that now, I mean if the church lies then the Pope Lies.. Come on now.. Are we getting educated or what. And guess what it even says : were later practiced in the Roman empire during the apostolic age. How many years was that, it means that the Greeks were also taught by the African Savages about how to practice certain medical you know pleasure factors.. I will be a monkeys *** . Can you imagine that.. I mean if the Greeks were Taught by the Africans and that means that Africans knew more than the Greeks and if the Greeks are considered the start of western civilization it means the Africans really taught the GReeks and the Greeks the ROmans because they had to many earth quakes in Greece and had to move away and run to parts of Rome and Rome wasn't built in a day so it means many many years of moving and cultures changing and the africans came again in the 700's AD and ruled till late 1400's oh my GOD and one of the Popes was rather tanned which means during this time he might have been African because you know even Italian are kinda pale and wow wow wow... Take it is easy.. Although contraceptive techniques had been known in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the modern movement for birth control began in Great Britain, where the writings of Thomas Robert Malthus stirred interest in the problem of overpopulation. By the 1870s a wide variety of birth control devices were available in English and American pharmacies, including rubber condoms and diaphragms, chemical suppositories, vaginal sponges, and medicated tampons. Easy public access to contraceptive devices in the United States aroused the ire of Anthony Comstock and others, who lobbied Congress until it passed (1873) a bill prohibiting the distribution of these devices across state lines or through the mail. Moreover, in England in 1877, Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh were tried for selling The Fruits of Philosophy, a pamphlet on contraceptive methods, written in 1832 by an American, Charles Knowlton. After their famous trial, the Malthusian League was founded. Meanwhile, a variety of contraceptive devices remained available to a large public, usually advertised in veiled but unmistakable language. " Notice the order and no it is not alphabetical, it is based on the time line at which people learned from each other.. Right now to add to this interesting finding we will look at no other than the richest and one of the worldest most power governing body " I love this" we will look at Yes none other than the Church.. Which church the Catholic church.. Lets see what they have to say. " Scripture Is contraception a modern invention? Hardly! Birth control has been around for millennia. Scrolls found in Egypt , dating to 1900 B.C., describe ancient methods of birth control that were later practiced in the Roman empire during the apostolic age. Wool that absorbed sperm, poisons that fumigated the uterus, potions, and other methods were used to prevent conception. In some centuries, even condoms were used (though made out of animal skin rather than latex). " Now the Church don't lie you know that now, I mean if the church lies then the Pope Lies.. Come on now.. Are we getting educated or what. And guess what it even says : were later practiced in the Roman empire during the apostolic age. How many years was that, it means that the Greeks were also taught by the African Savages about how to practice certain medical you know pleasure factors.. I will be a monkeys *** . Can you imagine that.. I mean if the Greeks were Taught by the Africans and that means that Africans knew more than the Greeks and if the Greeks are considered the start of western civilization it means the Africans really taught the GReeks and the Greeks the ROmans because they had to many earth quakes in Greece and had to move away and run to parts of Rome and Rome wasn't built in a day so it means many many years of moving and cultures changing and the africans came again in the 700's AD and ruled till late 1400's oh my GOD and one of the Popes was rather tanned which means during this time he might have been African because you know even Italian are kinda pale and wow wow wow... Take it is easy..

We will start our lesson in the field of computers and accounting. The computer was said to be invented during the late 18th century but for some of us we know that the word computer means to Compute and we have been doing that for a long time. When you get to the basics of a computer it is nothing more than a complex counting system that can represent the final outcome in many forms. Example: Pixels on a screen, dots on paper, sound and even touch feely stuff.. But at the end of the day this is not a computer these are called periphals which basically are additions to the computer that are used to make what the computer does reader friendly.. So what is a computer, think of a computer as a counting machine.. a young man by the name of PASCAL invented the first "no not language" but rather first machanical adding and subtracting machine "in France" to help his aging father do math.. That is generally where computer history starts and maybe mention of the China and it people and the Ababacus.. Well let look further back around the time of the ababacus... We come to central africa and run into something called the USHANGO BONE.. A complex Bone that could be used to not only count, but also do complex mathamatics for accounting. While china they were adding two and two, we were keep general leger and profits and defecites of our products and service. IT would make sense we would find such a system in people who trade with other people and need to keep track what was given too who.. Interesting isn't: This evidence begins with the Ishango bone, a small scratched bone found on the shores of Lake Edward in Zaire, Africa. A microscopic analysis of the incisions on this bone shows that it is a six month lunar calendar (Marshack, 1972, p. 27-32). This bone has been dated between 25,000 and 20,000 B.C.E.

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I think it is ver y appropriate and about tie that they did something like this somalias territorial waters are ver yexploited that isnt even an issue the issue is the dumping of nuclear waste in our territorial waters. And besides on my trip last year to his iyo mayt in nothern somali...ok somaliland you look out at the sea and you get vertigo cause all the lights from the ships make it look like newyork in motion. what a shame :mad: