quite hypocritical Indeed of all the 7 yrs why dindt he establish the Sharia. Non in Gedo nor C/waaq. How come Hiraale folks are ready to establish Clan court in Kismayu while they reject establishing 1 in their Territory?

Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis November 24, 2006 Avert an East African Islamic Terror Volcano – Break down fake ‘Ethiopia’! When all the world focuses almost exclusively on Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Syria and Israel, forgetting at the same time the Darfur Drama, and tolerating the existence of the African Hitler, President Al Bashir of Sudan, critical developments take place in Somalia and Abyssinia, a country falsely called Ethiopia. The next rendezvous of the Islamic Terror is with Abyssinia. By Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis A bogus-state plunged in ethnic tyranny, underdevelopment and starvation Abyssinia, do not call it ‘Ethiopia’ if you please, the reasons are to be found in this article, has all it takes to present the rest of the world one of the nastiest surprises we have ever had: an Islamic Revolution that will pressurize over Sudan, Yemen, Kenya, and Egypt. The country is an amalgamation of African ethnic groups that underwent various regimes that were all imposed by a dominant and analphabetic ethnic group, the Semitic Amharas. They do not represent more than 20% of the entire population of Abyssinia but tyrannize the Oromos (42%), the ******is (10%), Sidamas and other Southerners (10%), and the multi-split Afars (8%), who are dispersed among three states, namely Abyssinia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. The post-communist era American policy in Abyssinia was not relevant of deep understanding of the Horn of Africa area and of the dangling dangers: they supported a Semitic Tigray (12%) president, pushing them to establish a larger Semitic basis of rule by forming a most unsolicited alliance with the Amharas. The concept was definitely ill-fated: replacing a ruling dictatorial group represents 20% of the country population with an alliance of totalitarian groups that correspond to less than 1/3 of the entire population does not change much this situation at the helm of the country in question. The equation 32% vs. 20% does not democratize enough a country! Even worse, the attempted alliance that was kept for so many long years in power despite undemocratic elections, dictatorial practices, serious violations of Human Rights, and complete disregard for socioeconomic progress and market liberalization (no Stock Exchange and no foreign bank in Abyssinia) consist in a non representative regrouping of two Semitic ethnic groups (originating from Yemen), leaving the overwhelming Kushitic majority (Oromos, ******is, Sidama and Afars) out of power and out of the cultural frame of Semitic Abyssinia. Under the guidance of French and English colonialists, the Semitic Amharas found a disreputable cultural – political trickery to demonstrate that Abyssinia is not an ethnic tyranny: they falsely renamed the country ‘Ethiopia’, after a name that relates to the Kushitic (not the Semitic) past of the country. Even worse for the Amhara-Tigray tyrants of Abyssinia, the most glorious pages of the Kushitic past of the Oromos took place in today’s Sudan, which was the land in the south of Egypt that the Ancient Geeks and Romans were calling ‘Ethiopia’. If Sudan was not a Pan-Arabist tyranny but a properly developed nation, Sudan would have already been named ‘Ethiopia;, and the Amhara obscurantist and idiotic ruling class would have no chance to opt for the name of ‘Ethiopia’. How an Amhara-Tigray tyranny, with all the cultural stamps of Semitic past (the successive Axum, Lalibela, Gondar kingdoms of Abyssinia), can insist on naming the country after a name that relates to identity of the local oppressed Kushitic majority? How would it have looked, if Hitler renamed in 1939 Germany as ‘Israel’? The ethnic – linguistic – cultural dimension of the Abyssinia predicament is not the only existing; the religious dimension gains momentum, as recent developments in neighboring Somalia are being interpreted as the only possible way to outmaneuver and ultimately bring down the Amhara - Tigray Christian Monophysitic tyranny. Abyssinia is divided into three religious groups, Muslims, Christians, and animists; this is utterly schematic and definitely simplist. First of all, Animists are known for use of idolatrous cults and practices; there are some animists in Abyssinia indeed. But the traditional Oromo religion, or Code of Wisdom and Belief, Waaqeffanna to name it in the Oromo language, is known for no use of icons, idols, statues and divine representations of any kind! It is an authentic African system of transcendental faith that would be described within political context as ‘the antipodes of fanaticism, egotism and extremism’. Second, Christians in Abyssinia belong to various denominations. You have Monophysitic Amhara fanatic and obscurantist monks who remind us the Librarian of the monastery in the famous novel ‘The Name of the Rose’ by Umberto Eco; they are renowned for murdering Christian monks and priests who had great trouble traveling in Abyssinia in the 18th and the 19th centuries! And you have Oromos who accepted Catholicism and Protestantism due to the missionaries who preached there over the past 200 years. Third, and this is more important, you have Muslims and Christians, among almost all the ethnic groups in Abyssinia; there are many Amhara and Tigray Muslims who of course represent the lowest social class of these ethnic groups, being also oppressed because of their religion. Finally, Abyssinia is not made out of 6 ethnic – linguistic groups but consists of about 15 to 20 combined ethnic – linguistic – religious groups: a real multi-division that can become explosive when the ruling class is not representative and democratic. This lets us understand the current Abyssinia Volcano; the political power is shared among the Christian Amharas and Tigrays, so it reflects less than 20% of the entire population of the country, with the Muslims amounting to about half the combined Amhara – Tigray Semitic population (32% of the entire population of Abyssinia). The Real Lava of the Abyssinia Volcano Afars and ******is are predominantly Muslim; and as such they are the most exposed to contacts and exchange of ideas with the Somali Islamists who are guided by Al Qaeda. There have always been channels of communication among the ******i and the Afar Muslims and the other Abyssinian Muslims, the Amhara Muslims, the Tigray Muslims, the Oromo Muslims, etc. As the Abyssinian Muslims in their entirety have been oppressed continuously by the Christian Amhara group, the radicalization spread from Somalia would demonstrate to them that the only way for the Muslim majority of the country to get rid of the oppression of that group is the alliance with the Somali Islamists and Al Qaeda. This choice would put an end to the concern for national independence and emancipation, and will drive the entire country to the brink of abyss. Signs of Islamic radicalization have been noticed over the past year throughout Abyssinia. If America does not help the Oromo majority to secede, form an independent country, kick the Amharas out of Addis Abeba, which is a fake name for the Oromo city of Finfinne, soon the world will be taken by surprise by the new Islamic Volcano explosion, this time much worse than the supposedly marginal Somalia. When the Islamic extremism will make a basis in Abyssinia, no containment policy will be able to be successful throughout Africa. It will be the End. The present article does not only reveal a potential danger; it also analyzes and the historical past of the Kushitic and the Semitic groups of Ethiopia / Abyssinia, and consists in a Plead for the establishment of at least two countries in the area of present day Abyssinia: Kushitic Oromo Ethiopia / Semitic Amhara Abyssinia It is only natural that the sovereign people of Oromo tries to outline its own past, its own links with the Khammitic peoples of the African Antiquity in an effort of National History that is certainly and by definition different than that of the Semitic, Yemenite, Abyssinian Axum, the original state from which originate the Amhara and the Tigray ethnic groups of Abyssinia. We specify here that the term Kushitic represents a subdivision of the Khammitic peoples, as the Slavic group is a subdivision of the Indo-European peoples. In addition, it is only ‘recently’ that the Oromo country was included within the borders of the modern Abyssinian state within which the Oromos consist in the main, central ethnic, national, racial, linguistic, cultural and societal group. If the Khammitic past and present of Oromos is different than that of the Axumite Abyssinians, if the Khammitic cultural identity of the Oromos is different than that of the purely Semitic Amhara, if the Oromos of today’s Abyssinia want to form an independent country, this must be taken immediately into consideration. 1. History as a Discipline of the Humanities History as modern discipline of the Humanities is based on a) facts and evidence and on b) interpretations of facts and evidence. But more than all the rest, History is a matter of Conception, Perception, Theoretical Approach, and – quite unfortunately but very unavoidably – Conceptual Manipulation of data. When one reaches this level, one asks oneself how far one can go in ‘re-establishing’ and ‘representing’ (to ourselves in our present time) the past. One wonders up to what extent one should go far from events or even distort reality! The reason of these questions is that others did it first, did it earlier, did it extensively, and did it in a very disastrous way. If the French and British colonial Historians distorted to so terrible extent History and they did it in order to promote misunderstanding, hatred, wrong perceptions, wars and permanent underdevelopment, what matters if you misconceive or misinterpret a detail in your effort to set up a Historical system that will serve as basis for Democracy, Human Rights, Progress, Development and Fraternity of Peoples? This is the question. And the real answer depends on what philosophical school the Historian belongs to. Philosophy of History is a vast field whatsoever, already developed by several great peoples of the Ancient Orient. 2. Ancient Egypt is already a totally African – Khammitic – Civilization To be more precise and start approaching the subject itself, I should ask the following academic question. What does it matter if you make a ‘mistake’ when considering and concluding that the modern Oromos are the descendants of Ancient Egyptians, if this theory helps Oromos and other Khammitic peoples of Eastern Africa establish a fully accredited democratic and free system, within which Human Rights, Equity, Fraternity, and Respect for the ‘Other’ will prevail, and from which progress and development will emanate? I mean if an alternative historian makes a mistake, the criminal colonial scholars, historians and diplomats have already made so many mistakes on purpose, they diffused them, and even they applied the negative consequences of so many – worse – mistakes that we cannot compare either in terms of error analysis (just a wrong evaluation of data is ‘innocent’ if compared to the perverted willingness and intention to diffuse something that you already know it is wrong) or judging upon results (democratic societies instead of colonial Third World type tyrannies of all sorts). As a starting point, we should examine the relation between Egypt and Meroe – Oromo within the Khammitic – Cushitic context. Many Oromo ask the question: “Are we direct descendants of the Biblical Cush to which Egypt was connected too”? These are forms of colonially imposed falsehood that have penetrated their mind? Your question is typical of colonial impact! Colonial Historians and schools of History try to make of Ancient Egypt a rather ‘mythical’ subject, based on Ancient Greek and Roman mythologies of Ancient Egypt, misconceptions and misunderstandings that the Colonial Historians need for their ideological forgery. They want to make of Ancient Egypt a kind of ‘detached’ subject, related to European history only in terms of Exodus, of ancient Greek and Roman ‘visits’, of Jesus’ crossings, and of Alexander’s coronation. Ancient Egypt is not the falsified and forged ‘Ancient Egypt’ of the misleading Colonial Historians and Orientalists. And more than that, Ancient Egypt is Africa, fully, totally, completely, overwhelmingly, unadulterated Africa. We certainly say that Egypt as civilization starting with Narmer, the first pharaoh of the first dynasty, and the introduction of the Hieroglyphic writing around 2950 BCE (the famous ‘palette’ of Narmer bears his name as first testimony of Ancient Egyptian scripture, and can be visited at the Cairo Egyptian Musem), is a Khammito-Semitic product, because of the Semitic emigration – through Canaan to the Nile valley decades before the reign of Narmer – that resulted in a certain intermingling we have been able to attest at the linguistic level in the form of vocabulary, and at the archeological level in several pottery techniques and patterns. And this is true! But, one must never forget that within this Khammito-Semitic mixture, the Khammitic part is absolutely preponderant and overwhelming. Of course, it would be wrong to delete entirely the Semitic presence and role in Ancient Egypt, but it would be equally wrong to think that Semites and Khammites contributed to the formation of Ancient Egyptian civilization to the same extent! Egypt is Khammitic with some Semitic touch; this would be the correct evaluation of the situation. 3. Egyptians are not Semitic When it comes to Culture, Thinking, Mentality, Behaviour, Weltanschauung, (mainly Khammitic) Egypt differs from the Semitic Akkad, Assyria and Babylon totally. In the same way Egypt has been the top Khammitic contribution to the World Civilization, Akkad – Assyria –Babylon has been the unmatched, archetypal and paradigmatic model of Semitic legacy in the History of the Mankind. Neither Hebrews or Jews, nor Aramaeans or Phoenicians, nor Arabs, did they influence and determine the Human Mind as much as the Akkadian – Assyrian – Babylonian, Mesopotamian Cradle did. The differences between the Khammitic Nile Civilization and the Semitic Mesopotamia are at times dramatic, astounding and bewildering. All this is essential as an introduction, since modern pathetic and ludicrous nationalistic beliefs – diffused by the Colonial intellectuals and academia in a way to serve the criminal colonial purposes – mixed with backward Islamist and extremist non-sense influenced the average mind and the poor, low level, local ‘academia’ in Egypt up to the point of diffusing the aberration that Egyptians are a Semitic people. The forgery about the Semitic nature of the Egyptians served the purpose of Colonial powers to diffuse Pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism in order to alter the real face and the true characteristics of the Egyptians, who are not Semitic. It also served the purpose of the Islamic extremism and its false version of Arabo-centric, Islamo-centric, Hedjazo-centric ‘history’. De-personifying totally Egypt and the Egyptian Civilization, Colonialism and Islamism are the two aspects of the same coin, that of disaster, poverty, diseases, underdevelopment, analphabetism, barbarism, misery and sickness for today’s dictatorial and tyrannical Egypt. So, what matters first is the absolute perception of Ancient Egypt as an authentic African phenomenon. To the aforementioned one should add the Khammitic – Kushitic nature of Ancient Ethiopia, i.e. Sudan, that had first capital at Napata and second capital at Meroe. 4. Ancient Egyptian influences spread throughout Africa The subject of Egyptian influences spread throughout Africa is nor very pleasant to European, Colonial historians, who try to minimize the radiation of Ancient Egypt, and to falsely increase that of Ancient Greece and Rome. To show that Egypt and Kush / Meroe radiated for millennia down to Mali, Senegal, Cameroon, and Ghana, at a moment we know that the Ancient Greek culture did not expand outside the Mediterranean but for a short period after the invasions of Alexander the Great, would be shocking for the mistaken Greco-Romano-centrism of Sorbonne. That is why Europeans do not favour a decisively necessary Egyptological –Africanist rapprochement that would help a lot by means of many inter-disciplinary dissertations. They do not push European students to do so, they divert African students attempting – quite naturally – to advance in this field, and they defame any supposedly ‘revolutionary’ approach highlighting Ancient Egyptian influences throughout Africa. In this regard, it is essential laud the difference made by several American universities and scholars, notably Prof. Martin Bernal, famous author of ‘Black Athena’, a vast research and voluminous book that detects the Egyptian origins and character of Ancient Greece, and many others, who are often accused of Afro-centrism! 5. The Nubians – another group Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis November 24, 2006 Avert an East African Islamic Terror Volcano – Break down fake ‘Ethiopia’! When all the world focuses almost exclusively on Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Syria and Israel, forgetting at the same time the Darfur Drama, and tolerating the existence of the African Hitler, President Al Bashir of Sudan, critical developments take place in Somalia and Abyssinia, a country falsely called Ethiopia. The next rendezvous of the Islamic Terror is with Abyssinia. By Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis A bogus-state plunged in ethnic tyranny, underdevelopment and starvation Abyssinia, do not call it ‘Ethiopia’ if you please, the reasons are to be found in this article, has all it takes to present the rest of the world one of the nastiest surprises we have ever had: an Islamic Revolution that will pressurize over Sudan, Yemen, Kenya, and Egypt. The country is an amalgamation of African ethnic groups that underwent various regimes that were all imposed by a dominant and analphabetic ethnic group, the Semitic Amharas. They do not represent more than 20% of the entire population of Abyssinia but tyrannize the Oromos (42%), the ******is (10%), Sidamas and other Southerners (10%), and the multi-split Afars (8%), who are dispersed among three states, namely Abyssinia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. The post-communist era American policy in Abyssinia was not relevant of deep understanding of the Horn of Africa area and of the dangling dangers: they supported a Semitic Tigray (12%) president, pushing them to establish a larger Semitic basis of rule by forming a most unsolicited alliance with the Amharas. The concept was definitely ill-fated: replacing a ruling dictatorial group represents 20% of the country population with an alliance of totalitarian groups that correspond to less than 1/3 of the entire population does not change much this situation at the helm of the country in question. The equation 32% vs. 20% does not democratize enough a country! Even worse, the attempted alliance that was kept for so many long years in power despite undemocratic elections, dictatorial practices, serious violations of Human Rights, and complete disregard for socioeconomic progress and market liberalization (no Stock Exchange and no foreign bank in Abyssinia) consist in a non representative regrouping of two Semitic ethnic groups (originating from Yemen), leaving the overwhelming Kushitic majority (Oromos, ******is, Sidama and Afars) out of power and out of the cultural frame of Semitic Abyssinia. Under the guidance of French and English colonialists, the Semitic Amharas found a disreputable cultural – political trickery to demonstrate that Abyssinia is not an ethnic tyranny: they falsely renamed the country ‘Ethiopia’, after a name that relates to the Kushitic (not the Semitic) past of the country. Even worse for the Amhara-Tigray tyrants of Abyssinia, the most glorious pages of the Kushitic past of the Oromos took place in today’s Sudan, which was the land in the south of Egypt that the Ancient Geeks and Romans were calling ‘Ethiopia’. If Sudan was not a Pan-Arabist tyranny but a properly developed nation, Sudan would have already been named ‘Ethiopia;, and the Amhara obscurantist and idiotic ruling class would have no chance to opt for the name of ‘Ethiopia’. How an Amhara-Tigray tyranny, with all the cultural stamps of Semitic past (the successive Axum, Lalibela, Gondar kingdoms of Abyssinia), can insist on naming the country after a name that relates to identity of the local oppressed Kushitic majority? How would it have looked, if Hitler renamed in 1939 Germany as ‘Israel’? The ethnic – linguistic – cultural dimension of the Abyssinia predicament is not the only existing; the religious dimension gains momentum, as recent developments in neighboring Somalia are being interpreted as the only possible way to outmaneuver and ultimately bring down the Amhara - Tigray Christian Monophysitic tyranny. Abyssinia is divided into three religious groups, Muslims, Christians, and animists; this is utterly schematic and definitely simplist. First of all, Animists are known for use of idolatrous cults and practices; there are some animists in Abyssinia indeed. But the traditional Oromo religion, or Code of Wisdom and Belief, Waaqeffanna to name it in the Oromo language, is known for no use of icons, idols, statues and divine representations of any kind! It is an authentic African system of transcendental faith that would be described within political context as ‘the antipodes of fanaticism, egotism and extremism’. Second, Christians in Abyssinia belong to various denominations. You have Monophysitic Amhara fanatic and obscurantist monks who remind us the Librarian of the monastery in the famous novel ‘The Name of the Rose’ by Umberto Eco; they are renowned for murdering Christian monks and priests who had great trouble traveling in Abyssinia in the 18th and the 19th centuries! And you have Oromos who accepted Catholicism and Protestantism due to the missionaries who preached there over the past 200 years. Third, and this is more important, you have Muslims and Christians, among almost all the ethnic groups in Abyssinia; there are many Amhara and Tigray Muslims who of course represent the lowest social class of these ethnic groups, being also oppressed because of their religion. Finally, Abyssinia is not made out of 6 ethnic – linguistic groups but consists of about 15 to 20 combined ethnic – linguistic – religious groups: a real multi-division that can become explosive when the ruling class is not representative and democratic. This lets us understand the current Abyssinia Volcano; the political power is shared among the Christian Amharas and Tigrays, so it reflects less than 20% of the entire population of the country, with the Muslims amounting to about half the combined Amhara – Tigray Semitic population (32% of the entire population of Abyssinia). The Real Lava of the Abyssinia Volcano Afars and ******is are predominantly Muslim; and as such they are the most exposed to contacts and exchange of ideas with the Somali Islamists who are guided by Al Qaeda. There have always been channels of communication among the ******i and the Afar Muslims and the other Abyssinian Muslims, the Amhara Muslims, the Tigray Muslims, the Oromo Muslims, etc. As the Abyssinian Muslims in their entirety have been oppressed continuously by the Christian Amhara group, the radicalization spread from Somalia would demonstrate to them that the only way for the Muslim majority of the country to get rid of the oppression of that group is the alliance with the Somali Islamists and Al Qaeda. This choice would put an end to the concern for national independence and emancipation, and will drive the entire country to the brink of abyss. Signs of Islamic radicalization have been noticed over the past year throughout Abyssinia. If America does not help the Oromo majority to secede, form an independent country, kick the Amharas out of Addis Abeba, which is a fake name for the Oromo city of Finfinne, soon the world will be taken by surprise by the new Islamic Volcano explosion, this time much worse than the supposedly marginal Somalia. When the Islamic extremism will make a basis in Abyssinia, no containment policy will be able to be successful throughout Africa. It will be the End. The present article does not only reveal a potential danger; it also analyzes and the historical past of the Kushitic and the Semitic groups of Ethiopia / Abyssinia, and consists in a Plead for the establishment of at least two countries in the area of present day Abyssinia: Kushitic Oromo Ethiopia / Semitic Amhara Abyssinia It is only natural that the sovereign people of Oromo tries to outline its own past, its own links with the Khammitic peoples of the African Antiquity in an effort of National History that is certainly and by definition different than that of the Semitic, Yemenite, Abyssinian Axum, the original state from which originate the Amhara and the Tigray ethnic groups of Abyssinia. We specify here that the term Kushitic represents a subdivision of the Khammitic peoples, as the Slavic group is a subdivision of the Indo-European peoples. In addition, it is only ‘recently’ that the Oromo country was included within the borders of the modern Abyssinian state within which the Oromos consist in the main, central ethnic, national, racial, linguistic, cultural and societal group. If the Khammitic past and present of Oromos is different than that of the Axumite Abyssinians, if the Khammitic cultural identity of the Oromos is different than that of the purely Semitic Amhara, if the Oromos of today’s Abyssinia want to form an independent country, this must be taken immediately into consideration. 1. History as a Discipline of the Humanities History as modern discipline of the Humanities is based on a) facts and evidence and on b) interpretations of facts and evidence. But more than all the rest, History is a matter of Conception, Perception, Theoretical Approach, and – quite unfortunately but very unavoidably – Conceptual Manipulation of data. When one reaches this level, one asks oneself how far one can go in ‘re-establishing’ and ‘representing’ (to ourselves in our present time) the past. One wonders up to what extent one should go far from events or even distort reality! The reason of these questions is that others did it first, did it earlier, did it extensively, and did it in a very disastrous way. If the French and British colonial Historians distorted to so terrible extent History and they did it in order to promote misunderstanding, hatred, wrong perceptions, wars and permanent underdevelopment, what matters if you misconceive or misinterpret a detail in your effort to set up a Historical system that will serve as basis for Democracy, Human Rights, Progress, Development and Fraternity of Peoples? This is the question. And the real answer depends on what philosophical school the Historian belongs to. Philosophy of History is a vast field whatsoever, already developed by several great peoples of the Ancient Orient. 2. Ancient Egypt is already a totally African – Khammitic – Civilization To be more precise and start approaching the subject itself, I should ask the following academic question. What does it matter if you make a ‘mistake’ when considering and concluding that the modern Oromos are the descendants of Ancient Egyptians, if this theory helps Oromos and other Khammitic peoples of Eastern Africa establish a fully accredited democratic and free system, within which Human Rights, Equity, Fraternity, and Respect for the ‘Other’ will prevail, and from which progress and development will emanate? I mean if an alternative historian makes a mistake, the criminal colonial scholars, historians and diplomats have already made so many mistakes on purpose, they diffused them, and even they applied the negative consequences of so many – worse – mistakes that we cannot compare either in terms of error analysis (just a wrong evaluation of data is ‘innocent’ if compared to the perverted willingness and intention to diffuse something that you already know it is wrong) or judging upon results (democratic societies instead of colonial Third World type tyrannies of all sorts). As a starting point, we should examine the relation between Egypt and Meroe – Oromo within the Khammitic – Cushitic context. Many Oromo ask the question: “Are we direct descendants of the Biblical Cush to which Egypt was connected too”? These are forms of colonially imposed falsehood that have penetrated their mind? Your question is typical of colonial impact! Colonial Historians and schools of History try to make of Ancient Egypt a rather ‘mythical’ subject, based on Ancient Greek and Roman mythologies of Ancient Egypt, misconceptions and misunderstandings that the Colonial Historians need for their ideological forgery. They want to make of Ancient Egypt a kind of ‘detached’ subject, related to European history only in terms of Exodus, of ancient Greek and Roman ‘visits’, of Jesus’ crossings, and of Alexander’s coronation. Ancient Egypt is not the falsified and forged ‘Ancient Egypt’ of the misleading Colonial Historians and Orientalists. And more than that, Ancient Egypt is Africa, fully, totally, completely, overwhelmingly, unadulterated Africa. We certainly say that Egypt as civilization starting with Narmer, the first pharaoh of the first dynasty, and the introduction of the Hieroglyphic writing around 2950 BCE (the famous ‘palette’ of Narmer bears his name as first testimony of Ancient Egyptian scripture, and can be visited at the Cairo Egyptian Musem), is a Khammito-Semitic product, because of the Semitic emigration – through Canaan to the Nile valley decades before the reign of Narmer – that resulted in a certain intermingling we have been able to attest at the linguistic level in the form of vocabulary, and at the archeological level in several pottery techniques and patterns. And this is true! But, one must never forget that within this Khammito-Semitic mixture, the Khammitic part is absolutely preponderant and overwhelming. Of course, it would be wrong to delete entirely the Semitic presence and role in Ancient Egypt, but it would be equally wrong to think that Semites and Khammites contributed to the formation of Ancient Egyptian civilization to the same extent! Egypt is Khammitic with some Semitic touch; this would be the correct evaluation of the situation. 3. Egyptians are not Semitic When it comes to Culture, Thinking, Mentality, Behaviour, Weltanschauung, (mainly Khammitic) Egypt differs from the Semitic Akkad, Assyria and Babylon totally. In the same way Egypt has been the top Khammitic contribution to the World Civilization, Akkad – Assyria –Babylon has been the unmatched, archetypal and paradigmatic model of Semitic legacy in the History of the Mankind. Neither Hebrews or Jews, nor Aramaeans or Phoenicians, nor Arabs, did they influence and determine the Human Mind as much as the Akkadian – Assyrian – Babylonian, Mesopotamian Cradle did. The differences between the Khammitic Nile Civilization and the Semitic Mesopotamia are at times dramatic, astounding and bewildering. All this is essential as an introduction, since modern pathetic and ludicrous nationalistic beliefs – diffused by the Colonial intellectuals and academia in a way to serve the criminal colonial purposes – mixed with backward Islamist and extremist non-sense influenced the average mind and the poor, low level, local ‘academia’ in Egypt up to the point of diffusing the aberration that Egyptians are a Semitic people. The forgery about the Semitic nature of the Egyptians served the purpose of Colonial powers to diffuse Pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism in order to alter the real face and the true characteristics of the Egyptians, who are not Semitic. It also served the purpose of the Islamic extremism and its false version of Arabo-centric, Islamo-centric, Hedjazo-centric ‘history’. De-personifying totally Egypt and the Egyptian Civilization, Colonialism and Islamism are the two aspects of the same coin, that of disaster, poverty, diseases, underdevelopment, analphabetism, barbarism, misery and sickness for today’s dictatorial and tyrannical Egypt. So, what matters first is the absolute perception of Ancient Egypt as an authentic African phenomenon. To the aforementioned one should add the Khammitic – Kushitic nature of Ancient Ethiopia, i.e. Sudan, that had first capital at Napata and second capital at Meroe. 4. Ancient Egyptian influences spread throughout Africa The subject of Egyptian influences spread throughout Africa is nor very pleasant to European, Colonial historians, who try to minimize the radiation of Ancient Egypt, and to falsely increase that of Ancient Greece and Rome. To show that Egypt and Kush / Meroe radiated for millennia down to Mali, Senegal, Cameroon, and Ghana, at a moment we know that the Ancient Greek culture did not expand outside the Mediterranean but for a short period after the invasions of Alexander the Great, would be shocking for the mistaken Greco-Romano-centrism of Sorbonne. That is why Europeans do not favour a decisively necessary Egyptological –Africanist rapprochement that would help a lot by means of many inter-disciplinary dissertations. They do not push European students to do so, they divert African students attempting – quite naturally – to advance in this field, and they defame any supposedly ‘revolutionary’ approach highlighting Ancient Egyptian influences throughout Africa. In this regard, it is essential laud the difference made by several American universities and scholars, notably Prof. Martin Bernal, famous author of ‘Black Athena’, a vast research and voluminous book that detects the Egyptian origins and character of Ancient Greece, and many others, who are often accused of Afro-centrism! 5. The Nubians – another group Let’s get to the point! In Ancient Egypt since the Dawn of History, except the Egyptians, lived other local peoples, notably the Nubians. Nubians are not Khammitic – Kushitic at all; they belong to the so-called Nilo-Saharic group that is much smaller than the big families, the Semitic, the Indo-Europeans (Japhethic), the Khammitic, the Turco-Mongolian / Uralo-Altaic, the Dravidians, the Malay, the Bantu, and others. We have very few words of Ancient Nubian saved as written in Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic texts; it is difficult to establish a language continuity between Ancient Nubian and the modern Nubian dialects, the likes of Kinzi and Fudjeki (in Egypt), as well as of Halfawi, Mahas, Sukkot, and Danglawi (in Sudan). We simply consider the continuity as plausible. 6. The Desert is Satanic for the Ancient Egyptians An Egyptian expansion in Africa means always ‘expansion’ alongside the Nile. Almost nothing more! Certainly Egyptians controlled the oases of the Western Desert, Siwah, Kharga and the like, but they never reached the Libyan South-western confines where the Garamanteis of the Ancient Greek texts dwelled. Of course, Egyptians crossed the Eastern Desert, either for trade and communication needs (there were harbours in the Egyptian Red Sea coast) or for goldmines exploration and precious stones’ extraction needs. But the desert was for the Ancient Egyptians the realm of Seth, the Satanic force that cut Osiris, lit. ‘the Well Being’, into pieces, and that will be exterminated by Horus, an archetype of Messiah / Mahdi, at the end of Time. Ancient Egyptians spent the night in the desert only in cases of serious reason and ultimate need. Egyptian expansion in the south meant occupation of Sudan; the bolder Pharaoh in this regard seems to have been Thutmosis I, the father of the illustrious Queen Hatshepsout, who campaigned until Kurgus, where he had a fortress built at a distance of approximately 1500 km from Aswan, which was the southernmost point of Egypt. Of course, there was always the famous African trade of Egypt, the abundant and exquisite merchandises one could find at the Customs Office that was located at Elephantine (Abu in Ancient Egyptian), a 1 km long island in Aswan! Through many references and texts, we are able to understand that they came throughout Africa, the Red Sea coast, the Horn of Africa area, as well as the faraway confines of Sahara. 7. The Blemmyes – Bedja are still there! But all this trade was effectuated most through intermediaries, Nubians, Kushites of the Sudan, and several tribes of the desert the most famous of which were the ancestors of the present day Bedja, who are identified with the Blemmyes of the Greek and Latin sources, as well as with the Berehi or the Medjiay of the Ancient Egyptian texts. 8. Ancient Egyptians living in the Desert Of course, what consists in the regular and average day-to-day life is at times totally interrupted. We know very well that at a period of upheaval, Egyptians rejecting the imposed form of rule and administration used to move to the desert. Opponents to the Ptolemaic rule started staying longer in the desert before returning in order to rebel and impose a revolutionary, democratic form of state at Thebes. Control in Upper Egypt was frequently lost for the pharaohs of Alexandria, and the Romans faced challenges there as well! This mass movement towards the desert shows that basic characteristics of the Egyptian mind had changed by that late period. In earlier periods, such an attitude would be unthinkable! This mass movement, a genuine social phenomenon of Ptolemaic Egypt, gave later birth to the religious phenomenon of anachoretism, the departure of Christian monks from the valley and the ensuing residence in the desert! 9. Ancient Egyptians moving to Kushitic ‘Ethiopia’ (Sudan) Is it possible that Egyptian rebels of the Ptolemaic times moved towards the south? Well, the answer is certainly ‘yes’. But south means ‘Ethiopia’, not today’s Abyssinia but today’s Sudan. The Meroitic state of Ethiopia had relatively good relations with both, the Ptolemaic dynasty and the Upper Egyptian rebels. There were two buffer zones, where neither Egyptians, nor Meroitic Ethiopians, but Nubians were in majority, one comprised within the other; Dodekaschoinos (a 12 schoinoi long area) was the northern part of Triakontaschoinos (a 30 schoinoi long area). Financial and security control was at times assumed jointly by Meroe and Egypt (or later Meroe and Rome) either in Dodekaschoinos or in Triakontaschoinos. Did these Egyptians move even further in the south to the area of present day Oromo land? We totally ignore. But it is sure that in these later periods Egyptians were not afraid of the Kushitic / Meroitic ‘Ethiopians’ in the same way they had been earlier, when in the 3rd and the 2nd millennia ‘Kas’ (Kush) meant for the average Egyptians the people who practices continuously black magic. 10. Ancient Ethiopia is today’s Sudan: Kushitic period Similarly, at the times of the Kushitic period (850 – 525 BCE), the ancient rulers of Napata in Sudan never controlled as much in the south as the area of Khartoum. This is only normal, since the main interest was to move to the north, and control Egypt (as Shabaka, Shabataka, Tahraqa and in the beginning of his reign Tanutamon did), not to invade the militarily and geo-strategically useless jungle of Africa! This is the famous ‘Ethiopian’ dynasty of Manetho. Dealing with the vast area of Sudan, and attempting to understand its geo-strategic, geopolitical, geographical and environmental challenges throughout History is a puzzle. In several areas of Sudan today the desert reaches the Nile! The famous ‘valley of the Nile’ becomes nil! All the major Kushitic and Meroitic monuments of Sudan lie today in the desert! This characterizes the various Christian monuments of Sudan, Dongola Agouza, al Ghazzali, high places of the historical African Christianity that is more abundantly documented in Sudan than in Abyssinia! But in the Antiquity, the pyramids of Nuri and Napata, the vast necropolis of Meroe (Bagrawiyah), the magnificent palatial city at Mussawarat as Sufra, the four temples at Naqah, at a distance of 35 – 40 km from the Nile, and Basa, the ‘lost’ marvel of Ancient Ethiopia – that has nothing to do with a state ruled from Addis Abeba – in the middle of the present day wasteland ‘Butana’, were all surrounded by green lands! 11.Ethiopia and the ‘Island Meroe’ have nothing to do with Abyssinia! Suffice it to state the Ancient Greek term ‘Nesos Meroe’, and the similar term in Latin ‘Insula Meroe’, i.e. ‘Island Meroe’! How can an inland desert place like that be called ‘island’? Well, the ancient authors had their good reasons! As we all know at the area of Khartoum the Nile is bifurcated into the White Nile and the Blue Nile, with the latter coming down from the Abyssinian mountains in the east – southeast. After they merge, the united Nile is formed and takes the northeast direction until meeting its affluent Atbara (Ancient Greek and Latin ‘Astabaras’). Atbara river flows from the Abyssinian mountains as well, and its sources are not far from the lake Tana that is the source of the Blue Nile. So, the piece of land that lies between the Blue Nile, the united Nile and Atbara is almost an island since the distance between the sources of the Blue Nile and those of Atbara is very small, and perhaps in the Antiquity it was even smaller! 12. When the Kushitic state was destroyed twice in 65 years, Kushites migrated to the South! What was certainly a tremendous shock for the Kushitic people of Ancient Ethiopia, the citizens of the rulers of Napata and Thebes (the pharaohs of the 25th dynasty of Egypt), was the ‘bad luck’ Egypt brought to their Qore (‘king’ in Ancient Kushitic and Meroitic)! In 671, 669 and 666 BCE, Taharqa and Tanutamon were defeated by the Assyrian emperors Assarhaddon and Assurbanipal, who definitely invaded and annexed Egypt. Kush was limited again in the south of the present day border between Sudan and Egypt. But, in 590 BCE, Psammetichus II, despite the pressure of the Babylonian Nabukadnezzar (who was present in Judea, ready to invade Jerusalem and to deport the Jews to Southern Mesopotamia), arranged a big expedition – based on Phoenician, Aramaean, Jewish, Greek, Lydian, Carian, Lycian and Libyan mercenaries, attacked and destroyed Napata (2000 km in the south of Sais the capital of Psammetichus II at the area of Delta), probably because he was afraid of rumours that the Kushites were still the favourite option of the Theban priests, who despised the pharaohs of the 26th, ‘Libyan’, dynasty! Even worse, in 525 BCE Cambyses, the Achaemenidian Shah of Iran, after invading Egypt, pursued his campaign reaching as far as Napata, and destroying again the Kushitic capital! At that moment, Cambyses was at a distance of no less than 4000 km far from his capital! Two attacks within 65 years from the north could not be easily accepted by the Kushites, who certainly counted on the geographical distance as an advantage in their defense! So, they transferred their capital to the south! The went more than 500 km further on alongside the Nile, up to the area of the aforementioned ‘Insula Meroe’, i.e. the present day Butana, in an effort to isolate themselves and to ensure the defense of their country from the only place an attack could be expected: the North! This testifies – in addition to archaeological evidence from Axum and other places in the Abyssinian plateau – to the fact that in the area of present day Abyssinia there was not a sizeable and strong state that would challenge Meroitic Ethiopia around 500 – 450 BCE, when the transferal took place. 13 Kushitic mass movement and migration within Kushitic ‘Ethiopia’ What we can note at this point is a Kushitic mass movement – of course within their own country, ‘Ethiopia’, that is present day Sudan! Whereas for the period 850 – 500 BCE the bulk of the population seems concentrated between today’s Abu Simbel and Karima (Napata), and becomes progressively scarce beyond Karima, for the next period (450 BCE – 370 CE) the most populated area seems to be present day Butana, around the new capital Meroe (Bagrawiyah), and population becomes scarce between the fourth and the fifth cataracts, being again dense between the second and the third, which is the part of the country that borders Egypt. 14. Meroitic expansion and trade Until the beginning of the Christian era, we cannot raise the subject of Meroitic – Ethiopian expansion far beyond Khartoum in the south. By that time, Meroitic Ethiopia had its pivotal place in the trade between East and West, i.e. between China - India and Alexandria – Rome. Especially critical was Meroe for the African trade with Egypt (by that time a Roman province), and for long the African elephants had been elevated in Meroe and thence transported to Ptolemais Theron, the Egyptian Ptolemaic and Roman colony at the Sudanese Red Sea coast (today’s Suakin), and shipped to Alexandria. The trade enhanced the exchange of ideas, beliefs and faiths. The rock relief at Djebel Qeili (southeastwards of Khartoum) testifies to an unbelievable diffusion of Iranian Mithraism that was until that moment completely unknown in the area of Meroitic Ethiopia. At the same time, we attest Indian influences on the Semitic Axum that was about to rise, thanks to the rich trade of Adulis, the Red Sea port of call at the area of Massawa. The fact that we must wait until a so late period for a significant expansion of Ethiopian Meroe far in the ‘south’ is a sign that the jungle was receding and that meteorological conditions were changing the environment and the Meroitic Ethiopian habitat. The famous text of the Periplus of the Red Sea makes a hint that there was a trade road between Axum and Meroe or other places further in the west or south of Axum, but it is definitely inconclusive evidence. 15. The Abyssinian invasion of Ethiopia and the destruction of Meroe Life seems to continue calm until the christianization of Axum, mythologized through the story of Frumentius, and of the Roman Empire. By 350 Christians started having the upper hand in Egypt, but the north was earlier and more densely christianized than the South. Then, an event of major importance occurred, namely the Axumite Abyssinian Semitic invasion and destruction of the Kushitic Ethiopia and Meroe (by king Ezana – 370 CE). It is only then that started the royal Abyssinian propaganda about Axum being supposedly ‘Ethiopia’! It is necessary to stress the point that the New Testament reference to an Ethiopian prince traveling in Judea reveals the endeavours of a Sudanese highness from Meroe, visiting his neighboring country (Roman Empire), and showing an interest in the newly diffused belief. The guy had nothing to do with Abyssinian Axum….. When Ezana destroys Meroe, we testify to dramatic changes in the area of Ethiopia indeed. This is actually one of the mysteries that tantalized the specialists until now. 16. Christianization of Egypt and Eastern Africa In the Egyptian south, Ancient Egyptian cults and forms of religion and culture persist, gradually weakened, until Justinian prohibited (540 CE) the religious activities and services at the last Egyptian shrine, notably the temple of Isis at Philae (5 km in the south of Aswan). Not only Egyptian cults survived as late as 540 CE, but also Nubian cults had survived until the second half of the 5th century, notably at Talmis (present day Kalabsha) where was the epicenter of the cult of Maluli (in Ancient Greek and Latin Mandulis), the main Nubian god. But what happened after 370 in the south of Triakontaschoinos is very strange. One could surmise that, as in Egypt and in Nubia, so in Ethiopia, i.e. Sudan, a Christian culture stratum would supersede the immediately pre-Christian stratum. But this did not happen! All the land in the south of the second cataract (at the area of today’s Wadi Halfa) seems to have been deserted. Many sites have been completely abandoned, whereas in the rest the local population seems very scarce. This characterizes the entire valley of the Nile at the area of Sudan from Wadi Halfa to Khartoum! The inhabitants of that vast area seem to have been reduced by 75 to 90%, if we compare the latest Meroitic period (250 to 370) with the so-called Qustul and Ballana culture that follows the destruction of Ethiopia by Ezana, the king of Abyssinia, and precedes the establishment of the independent Christian kingdoms of Sudan, Nobatia and Makkuria! Of course, it is well known that by that time the bellicose but little kingdom of Axumite Abyssinia extended around Axum and Adulis, the rich port of call at the present day Eritrean Red Sea coast. King Ezana may have annexed parts of Meroitic Abyssinia that were adjacent to his kingdom, possibly part of the Butana desert, the land between the present day Sudanese – Eritrean borders and the united Nile from Shendi to Atbara, but that is all! We have every reason to believe that the invasion of Ezana did not reach as far as Napata (Karima) in the north, and there was not any real need for something like that. Engulfed in decay, Ethiopia collapsed entirely after the destruction of its capital, Meroe. On the other hand, as early as the end of the 4th century CE Axumite Abyssinia did not control areas in the center, the south, the west and the east of present day Abyssinia. Lake Tana seems to have been beyond the southern border of Ezana. 17. Kushitic mass movement and emigration to the south How can we interpret these facts? It seems that the end of the 4th century CE in Sudan heralded a major Exodus of Kushitic populations of Ethiopia abandoning Meroe, their destroyed capital and other locations. The Kushitic masses were still practicing typical forms of Meroitic religion and cult evolving around the central figure of the Lion-headed god Apademak, variations of Amun, and several types of Isis – Hathor. The emigrating Kushitic – Meroitic masses had no reason to move into the already christianized Roman Empire (here I mean Egypt as a Roman province), and could not possible undertake an advance towards the Axumite heartland of Abyssinia that would rather be perceived as an attack, if we take into consideration the fact of Ezana’s earlier expedition and invasion of Ethiopia. 18. 4th CE Kushitic Exodus heading towards the present day Oromo country Consequently, the only direction the Kushitic mass exodus may have taken is that of areas the Abyssinian king Ezana could not reach, areas that were neither covered by African jungles, nor characterized by desert, areas leading to places of possible shelter. The direction must have been towards the juncture of the two Niles, i.e. present day Khartoum, and further on alongside the Blue Nile towards present day Al Gedaref in Sudan and the Benshangul province in present day Abyssinia. The dramatic repercussions that this historical exodus’ diagram implies go certainly beyond imagination, since at this very moment this approach consists still in an early interpretational scheme. It is historically plausible, but it takes a lot of effort and studies until it becomes an absolutely established conclusion. A lot of work is in this regard necessary to be carried out towards the completion of the decipherment of the Meroitic Hieroglyphic and Cursive scriptures; furthermore, comparisons and linguistic research must take place with respect to both, Meroitic and Oromo. In addition, History of Religion and Social Anthropology have a great role to play in terms of comparative research. Ending this very long article, I think that I rather made a diagram of answer than I truly answered this serious question. I want here to close this contribution by stating two things. A. The Kushitic Exodus I refer to is not the last emigration from the area of historical Ethiopia, i.e. present day Sudan. But it is the most important one. Another significant exodus, although more limited in terms of figures, seems to have taken place a few centuries after the case we studied; but it is another subject. B. If at the term of many related researches the historical connection between the Kushitic Meroe / ‘Ethiopia’ and the people of Oromo is established, then certainly an independent country, populated by Oromo people, having Oromo as official language, and reassessing the Historical – Cultural Heritage of the Kushitic Meroe / ‘Ethiopia’, would have fully pledged right to the name ‘Ethiopia’. People moving to another place bear always their name, even if they first forgot it. 19. A Kushitic Oromo independent country could be called ‘Ethiopia’ Then, in case of an independent Oromo country, the Kushitic Oromo state should be called Ethiopia, leaving the Semitic name Abyssinia to the Amhara and the Tigray peoples. But this should be reflected in its language, culture, and education. It is not permissible that a Semitic state, having a Semitic official language, as well as a typically Semitic (Gueze-Christiano-centric) culture and education is called ‘Ethiopia’, usurping in this way monuments that belong to the land of Sudan, and Kushitic culture and heritage of which a line of continuity comes down to the currently oppressed in Abyssinia Oromo people. 5

Read this stuff and check the pics. How on Earth would they burn a human being? http://www.xaajo.com/

Duke before you embark on choosing 1.undestand that History repeats itself. 2.A snake gives birth to a snake. 3.Tigray are far worse than Amara it was in the reign of Yohannes (Tigre) that forcefully converted Oromos of Wollo into Orthodoxy or consequently they would face Death,slavery or confisication of their property. He also ensured the persecution of Tigre muslims (Jeberti)to the extent that they fled to Neigbouring Eritrea.

^^ choose Hiraale and establish Jubaland in C/waaq

Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia's Somali Region, 1991-2004 Abstract In this article I propose an alternative interpretation of political disorder in Ethiopia's Somali Regional State since the rise to power of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. Some observers have perceived contemporary politics in the former ****** as an example of 'internal colonization' by highland Ethiopians. Others attribute political instability to the 'nomadic culture' inherent in the Somali clan structure and the ineptness of its political leaders. This study argues that neither of these two politicised narratives grasp the contradictory interactions between the federal Ethiopian government and its Somali periphery nor the recursive relations between state and society. With reference to the literature on neo-patrimonialism I elucidate political disorder in the Somali Region by empirically describing hybrid political domination, institutional instability, and patronage relations. I demonstrate how neo-patrimonial rule translates into contested statehood in the region and political devices ranging from military coercion to subtle co-optation. Rather than unilateral domination, a complex web of power and manipulation between parts of the federal and regional authorities animates political disorder in Ethiopia's Somali Region. Introduction The year 1991 marked a turning point for Somali nationalism in general and for Somali-Ethiopians2 in particular. Resulting from the downfall of the Derg regime and the total disintegration of neighbouring Somalia, new institutions and political manoeuvres emerged within the Somali-inhabited territory of Ethiopia. The former ****** and today's Somali Regional State (SRS) or Region 5 became one of nine member states within the decentralized, ethnically structured Ethiopian polity established under the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) (Aalen 2002; Pausewang et al. 2002). Ever since incorporation of the ****** into the Ethiopian Empire, politics in the Ethiopian Somali Region have been fashioned by the region's double identity, first as a peripheral part of the Ethiopian nation-state and second as a division within the larger Somali political economy consisting of the former Somali Democratic Republic, Djibouti, north-east Kenya, and the Ethiopian Somali Region. The EPRDF's granting of national self-determination to Somali-Ethiopians significantly altered political interactions between the Ethiopian highland and its Somali periphery. While it did not lead to effective pacification of the region, new political dynamics were unleashed. Young's (1999:322) observation of how governments, development agencies, and political analysts ignored Ethiopia's western regions of Gambella and Benishangul applies equally to the Somali Region. Due to a decades-long history of conflict and inaccessibility, the Somali Region is characterized by an astonishing data gap. Consequently, 'the usual geographical and anthropological literature prevalent in other pastoral situations is lacking' (Abdi N. Umar 2004:4). Neglect of the region by Ethiopianists, Somali studies specialists, and other foreign scholars working on Ethiopian issues has been lamented before (Mohamud H. Khalif & Doornbos 2002:88). Chronic insecurity in large parts of the Somali Region - mainly due to fighting between the ****** National Liberation Front (ONLF) and the Ethiopian federal army as well as sporadic intrusions by armed groups from Somalia - have rendered data collection in the 250,000-km2 wide territory an unpredictable and cumbersome undertaking. Apart from selected field reports by Ahmed Y. Farah (1995, 1997), Hogg (1996, 1997), and van Brabant (1994) as well as short briefings by Markakis (1994, 1996), contributions on political developments in the Somali Region since 1991 have been rare and meagre in empirical information. Many contributions focus on the pre-EPRDF period or have a rather general outlook on the region (for example, Brons et al. 1995; Escher 1994; Mohamud H. Khalif & Doornbos 2002). Notable exceptions are Schröder's (1998) unpublished manuscript and, more recently, Abdi I. Samatar's (2004) instructive political analysis since the EPRDF's rise to power. In this study, I offer an explanation of political and institutional disorder in the Somali Region since the Somalis' integration into the 'new political order' (Markakis 1994) of federal Ethiopia in 1991. I propose an alternative interpretation to the prevailing discourse imputing political turmoil in the Somali Region to either the federal Ethiopian government or the Somali-Ethiopian polity. I demonstrate that neither of these politicised narratives fully captures the rationality of political disorder within the area.4 Drawing upon first-hand empirical material, this study argues that political disorder in the Somali Region is embedded in characteristic patterns of the post-Derg period that result from recursive relations between centre and periphery, state and pastoral communities. My goal is to provide a coherent explanation of seemingly contradictory political phenomena in the Somali Region from an interpretative viewpoint. I draw upon the literature on neo-patrimonialism in Africa to conceptually explicate and empirically illustrate these phenomena. Hence this study neither aims at an exhaustive chronology of political developments in the Somali Region since 1991 (see Abdi I. Samatar 2004) nor does it assess politics primarily in light of the flourishing literature on Ethiopian federalism and state-building (Alemseged Abbay 2004; Vaughan and Tronvoll 2003; Young 1996, 1998). Although the region's nine zones enjoy varying degrees of state presence, stability, and political freedom, an analysis of nuanced intra-regional developments is beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice is to say that all of the Somali Region's nine zones have witnessed at one point or another large-scale inter-group conflicts within the past 15 years. The empirical data presented in this article stems from open and semi-structured interviews and participant observation conducted in Jigjiga, Harshin, Godey, Qalafo, and other localities within Somali Region between May and July 2003 and between May and July 2004. During these periods I regularly discussed administrative and political matters with civil servants of different regional ministries. Names of all sources are withheld to guarantee personal safety of the informants. This study is divided into five sections. The first section introduces existing narratives or supposedly 'explanatory hypotheses' of political and institutional disorder in the Somali Region. Section two construes the concept of neo-patrimonial rule and presents its relevance for the Somali Region. In section three I describe hybrid political domination, institutional instability, and patronage relations as characteristic features of past politics in region 5. The forth section depicts variegated actors' strategies that contradict the two narratives I seek to refute. Finally, I conclude by critically discussing the strengths and limits of the neo-patrimonial model for understanding politics in the Somali Region. http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_06/August_06/SRSE_Hagmann.pdf

Ethiopian Review Nov 24, 2006 We Ethiopians are proud of our rich culture, long history, 3,000-year civilization, and keeping the country free of colonialists. Ethiopia is also known for not violating the territories of other countries. When Somalia had invaded Ethiopia more than twice in the past, both the Atse Haileselassie and Derg governments chased them out, but refrained from following the retreating invaders deep into the Somali territory. One time, a frustrated field commander had ignored Haileselassie's orders and followed Somali forces into the hinterland. He was severely reprimanded for it. Under the Meles dictatorship, this long-held principle has been put aside. An Ethiopian regime for the first time in Ethiopian history has invaded another country--Somalia. There is no valid reason for the arrogant dictator to pick a fight with the Somali Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The only reason that comes to mind is to divert national and international attention from his regime that is falling apart by the day. Dictators thrive on conflicts and wars. In fact, they depend on ongoing wars to remain in power. With his military in turmoil, the economy in shambles, and rebel groups springing up through out the country, Meles seems to think that he can divert attention away from him and on to the ICU by accusing them of being Islamic terrorists and having affiliations with Al Qaeda. Some of the recent actions the ICU took, such as shutting down private radio stations, shooting at protestors, and banning chat (khat) is indeed worrisome. (By the way, Khat is banned in the U.S., too). But is the ICU worse than the TPLF regime in suppressing freedom? What makes Meles more acceptable to the international community than the ICU? Meles has rounded up ALL independent journalists in the country and threw them in jail. He has gunned down, strangled and beat to death unarmed protestors, as reported by the Inquiry Commission that was created by his own rubber-stump parliament. Every legitimate human rights organization in the world has condemned Meles as a brutal dictator and described his actions as state-sponsored terrorism. The European Parliament and the U.S. Congress have also condemned the brutal repression in Ethiopia. On the other hand, what did the ICU do to Ethiopia? They didn't occupy Ethiopia. They didn't create concentration camps and detained tens of thousands of Ethiopians. They didn't loot the country's treasury. They have not done any thing other than trying to bring order back to Somalia's state of anarchy. For Ethiopians there is no worse terrorist than Meles. He has been certified by the parliament-appointed independent commission as a mass murderer. In the past 15 years, he and his ruling family made Ethiopia a living hell for millions of her people. Now, he is leading the country into an adventurous war, in the process sacrificing the lives of thousands of young Ethiopians and spending millions of dollars that the country desperately needs for social services. The world, and particularly the people of Somalia, need to know that this war Meles has started is a war between his Tigrean People Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Somali Islamic Courts of Union (ICU). It is a war of convenient intended by the Meles dictatorship to prolong its grip on power. It has nothing to do with protecting Ethiopia's national security. It is terribly important for opposition parties, civic groups, religious leaders, and every Ethiopian to communicate this message to the ICU and to the world as soon and as clearly as possible in order to minimize the long-term damage this adventurous war could cause to our country. http://www.ethrev.com/2006/nov/11242006_meles_drags_ethiopia_into_war.html

^^^ great piece of work but lacks substance. their is some expression of biase towards efforts of a given community.

^^^ great peice of work by Abdulkadir J. Dualeh but lacks substance the writer of the article is driven by Bias and hatred. rather than his virtue. He purely expresses his hypocracy. 1. He has deap Hatred for all members affilaited with the ******** Block by reasons best known to him. 2.His folks were the first to vocally express their whole hearted appreciation to Meles regime but Meles showed high preference(the choosed one ) to a section of the ********* block. I would urge him to come up clean and purify his heart from malice. _____________ Do not state explicit qabiil names. [ November 25, 2006, 01:23 AM: Message edited by: Miskiin-Macruuf-Aqiyaar ]

Oromia as i said earlier on its Judgement day for Xabashi especially Tigarus. Let them enjoy their last days in power.

^^^ Just ensure you have well furnished bunkers to accommodate 2 million woyanes since your daddy the mentally handicapped fella has declared war .

'Somali friend' I greet you with Inatin bida Next continue hallucinating and once the drug gets out of your blood system It would be too late. Weyne! Weyne ! wouldn help you trust me. secondly just wait for the game to start. You will regret why your kins left Makele.

Lets see who will fight for them Last time the war between Ethio & Eri was fought by Oromos,somalis etc while the tigre were in the last row just waitng to claim victory and shoot any disserter who tried to flee. this time though the nut headed dictator thinks that Oromos,somalis,Afar,Sidamo will be the cannon fodder. he doest understand the fact that once they roundup innocent civlians throught the country and station them to the front line the story would be different. Almost majority will dissert and surrender and work with ICU,OLF,ONLF etc While the obese military officers of the Tigray would face their judgement day.

very strong point...may allah take us away from the bad deeds and do good..

MOGADISHU (AFP) - Islamic fighters have clashed with Ethiopian forces near the seat of the Somali government, inflicting large numbers of casualties and destroying armoured vehicles. The Islamists, who have vowed holy war against Ethiopian troops protecting Somalia's weak government, said they ambushed an Ethiopian convoy in Qasah Omane, a small village some 70 kilometres (45 miles) southwest of Baidoa, where both sides are girding for war. As the Islamists claimed victory against the Ethiopians in the second attack in three days, witnesses reported fresh fighting at another outpost south of Baidoa, about 250 kilometres (155 miles) northwest of the capital. "Our local Mujahedeens ambushed three armoured vehicles, they blew up one and two others were also lightly damaged," said Sheikh Mukhtar Robow, the deputy security chief for the Supreme Islamic Council of Somalia. "I can also confirm that soldiers who were on board also suffered casualties," he told AFP in the Islamist-held Mogadishu on Tuesday. "These operations will continue until we totally defeat the forces of the devil who are in our territories," Robow explained. Witnesses also reported heavy fighting between the Islamists and Ethiopian forces in Adale, about 38 kilometres (24 miles) south of the Baidoa. "We dont know the casualties but we can confirm you that fighting is raging," Osman Anteno, a resident, told AFP by phone. Ethiopian officials were not immediately available for comment and the report could not be independently confirmed due to instability and poor communications in the area where the attack was said to have taken place. The Islamists last month claimed to have drawn first blood in the jihad by attacking another Ethiopian convoy in the same area, killing two soldiers. Ethiopia denies reports it has thousands of combat troops in Somalia but admits several hundred military advisers, trainers and support personnel have been sent to help the transitional government in Baidoa. It has also made clear it will defend the internationally backed government and itself from attack by the Islamists, some of whom are accused of links with Al-Qaeda and have refused to attend peace talks until the Ethiopians withdraw

^^^ One of this fine days the culprit aka Indacade will face the music. anyway whats 1st is 1st Baidoa. Baidoa is worse than Indacade etc. lets clean up the place 1st.

MOGADISHU (AFP) - Somalia's powerful Islamist movement claimed to have ambushed an Ethiopian military convoy in southern Somalia, inflicting large numbers of casualties and destroying several armored vehicles. The Islamists, who have vowed holy war against Ethiopian troops in Somalia protecting the weak government, said the attack early Sunday occurred in the Bay region near the temporary government seat of Baidoa, where the two sides are girding for battle. "I confirm that our local Mujahedeen around Kurtale area ambushed an Ethiopian military convoy," said Sheikh Abdurahim Ali Muddey, the spokesman for the Supreme Islamic Council of Somalia. "They suffered a lot of casualties," he told reporters in Mogadishu, about 250 kilometers (155 miles) southeast of Baidoa, which the Islamists seized in June and have used as a base to take most of southern and central Somalia. "Two of their armed vehicles were completely destroyed and two others less seriously damaged," said Muddey, offering no details on the number of casualties from the attack. He pledged the ambush was only the beginning of attacks against Ethiopian forces. "We have Mujahedeen everywhere in Somalia and are ready to strike Ethiopian forces inside our territory," he said. "This blow is the beginning and more attacks are ahead." Ethiopian officials were not immediately available to comment and the report could not be independently confirmed due to severe flooding and instability in the area where the attack was said to have taken place. The Islamists last month claimed to have drawn first blood in the jihad by attacking another Ethiopian convoy in the same area, killing two soldiers. Ethiopia denies reports it has thousands of combat troops in Somalia but admits several hundred military advisers, trainers and support personnel have been sent to help the transitional government in Baidoa. It has also made clear it will defend the internationally backed government and itself from attack by the Islamists, some of whom are accused of links with Al-Qaeda and have refused to attend peace talks until the Ethiopians withdraw. Ethiopia is one of 10 countries, along with Lebanon's militant Shiite Hezbollah movement, accused by UN experts of violating a 1992 arms embargo on Somalia to support the rival factions. Seven of the 10, including Ethiopia's arch-foe neighbor Eritrea, are alleged to be backing the Islamists and there are fears an all-out war in Somalia could draw in both Addis Ababa and Asmara, fuelling a regional conflict. Nearly all of the countries named in the report presented to the UN Security Council on Friday have denied violating the arms embargo. Somalia has lacked an effective government since dictator Mohamed Siad Barre was toppled in 1991. Since then, more than a dozen attempts to restore a functional regime have failed.

^^^ The Tigray instead of creating a better Ethiopia has infact embroilled itself on 1.Engaging in a bloody war with Eritrea over merely Badme that so the death of 100000's of Ethios not forgeting the loss of Billions of Ethiopian Birr in revenue for the cost of maintaining it. 2.Engaged in the forceful displacing of Indigenous communities like Oromo,Gambella hence this lands were allocated to the squatters of Tigray. 3.Suppressing liberties, freedoms and converting the Federal system of Ethiopia into a single Ethnic dominated and affiliated(As most of the Cabinet posts are run by a single Ethnic group). 4.Incited interreligious as well as interethnic clashes with the sole objective of clinging to power. 5.Created Famine ( Groups that are seen to be against the TPLF policy experience harassing like burning of Grainaries,silos and confisication of livestock) they then use this situation to futher gain international attention by imploring western naions to donate food aid which will hardly rach the needy. 6.Massive corruption by Tigrayans as they believe this is the last chance in power hence Money designated to various regions for development are diverted to offshore accounts. 7.Their only survival is International Aid thats the biggest contributor to Ethiopias ailing Economy, hence the Ethiopias opposition have succeded in ensuring that most of the funds are frozen. The only way out for the toothless & clawless Lion is to use Somalia as a spring board to oppen the window of opportunity under the banner of fighting 'Terror'. Enemy of Ethiopia how realy freindly are you to Somalis A fox is always a fox.

I second Oromia. Keep on lying no Oromo,Somali,Amar soilder would fight for TPLF.

whats pribed learned scholar.

^ how excellent indeed for the clan court in bula Xawo to be porous to Ethiopian forces.

^^^ applause for the trash above. K'din aka Somalidiid. I woulndt loose anything from the disinegration of Somalia am not like your folks who need reconition to get Foreign aid to sustain their economy. You talked of the south, You need to learn Somali History not your kinfolks 'fairy tales' history. Coz the land we leave in the south is more endowed than your supposed state. ANYWAY FOR THOSE WHO WISHED TO SEE THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE COUP http://noyau.com/~rwalsh/wordpress/

^^ horn its Xogoogal not you So stop rejoicing

^^^^ Horn so you still believe that Meles is going to arm Hiraale from Gedo or some ethiopian forces will 'liberate' for you guys Kismayu. You know this reminds me of something its like a lady who married a pious Man this lady inturn started observing her prayers,Fast etc . destiny had its own plan and they dissagred on something and they divorced. She also started to niglect the prayers,Fasting etc as it would remind her of her previous spouse. Horn i think you fit in well to this scenario

Can you explain How am ruining it? Coz did i interfere with the propaganda below? http://www.somaliaonline.com/ubb/ultimatebb.php?ubb=get_topic;f=9;t=007415 Or should i souce my news from 'Saxix' Gedonet? Or i almost gave you a heart attack. As the dreams of Monster Hiraale were almost shattered plz explain to me it might be helpful?